Minister Of Colonies (France)
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The Minister of the Overseas (french: Ministre des Outre-mer) is the official in charge of the Ministry of the Overseas in the Government of the French Republic, responsible for overseeing
Overseas France Overseas France (french: France d'outre-mer) consists of 13 France, French-administered territories outside Europe, mostly the remains of the French colonial empire that chose to remain a part of the French state under various statuses after ...
. The office was titled Minister of the Colonies (french: Ministre des Colonies, links=no) until 1946. The position is currently held by Jean-François Carenco, who succeeded Élisabeth Borne (as acting minister) on 4 July 2022.


Officeholders


Minister of the Colonies (1894–1946)

* 20 March – 30 May 1894 : Ernest Boulanger * 30 May 1894 – 26 January 1895 :
Théophile Delcassé Théophile Delcassé (1 March 185222 February 1923) was a French politician who served as foreign minister from 1898 to 1905. He is best known for his hatred of Germany and efforts to secure alliances with Russia and Great Britain that became t ...
* 26 January – 1 November 1895 :
Émile Chautemps Émile Chautemps (2 May 1850, in Valleiry, then in the Kingdom of Sardinia – 10 December 1918, in Paris) was a French politician. Sources

*http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=1727 People from Sardinia French p ...
* 4 November 1895 – 29 April 1896 : Pierre-Paul Guieysse * 29 April 1896 – 31 May 1898 :
André Lebon André Lebon (26 August 1858 – 17 February 1938) was a French lawyer and politician. Early years André Lebon was born on 26 August 1858 in Dieppe, Seine-Inférieure. His father was Charles Lebon, founder of the Société du Gaz Lebon. After c ...
* 31 May – 28 June 1898 :
Gabriel Hanotaux Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux, known as Gabriel Hanotaux (19 November 1853 – 11 April 1944) was a French statesman and historian. Biography He was born at Beaurevoir in the ''département'' of Aisne. He studied history at the École des C ...
* 28 June – 1 November 1898 :
Georges Trouillot Georges Marie Denis Gabriel Trouillot (7 May 1851 – 20 November 1916) was a French Radical politician. He played a central role in developing the law of 1901 that governed associations such as agricultural cooperative. He was Minister of the Co ...
* 1 November 1898 – 22 June 1899 : Florent Guillain * 22 June 1899 – 7 June 1902 : Albert Decrais * 7 June 1902 – 24 January 1905 :
Gaston Doumergue Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (; 1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic. He served as President of France from 13 June 1924 to 13 June 1931. Biography Doumergue ca ...
* 24 January 1905 – 14 March 1906 : Étienne Clémentel * 14 March – 25 October 1906 :
Georges Leygues Georges Leygues (; 29 October 1856 – 2 September 1933) was a French politician of the Third Republic. During his time as Minister of Marine he worked with the navy's chief of staff Henri Salaun in unsuccessful attempts to gain naval re-arma ...
* 25 October 1906 – 24 July 1909 :
Raphaël Milliès-Lacroix Raphaël Milliès-Lacroix (4 December 1850 – 12 October 1941) was a French draper and politician from Dax, Landes, in the southwest of the country. He was Minister of the Colonies in 1906–09. Early years Raphaël Milliès-Lacroix was born in ...
* 24 July 1909 – 3 November 1910 :
Georges Trouillot Georges Marie Denis Gabriel Trouillot (7 May 1851 – 20 November 1916) was a French Radical politician. He played a central role in developing the law of 1901 that governed associations such as agricultural cooperative. He was Minister of the Co ...
* 3 November 1910 – 2 March 1911 : Jean Morel * 2 March – 27 June 1911 : Adolphe Messimy * 27 June 1911 – 12 January 1913 :
Albert François Lebrun Albert François Lebrun (; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic. He was a member of the centre-right Democratic Republican Alliance (AR ...
* 12–21 January 1913 : René Besnard * 21 January – 9 December 1913 : Jean Morel * 9 December 1913 – 9 June 1914 :
Albert François Lebrun Albert François Lebrun (; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic. He was a member of the centre-right Democratic Republican Alliance (AR ...
* 9–13 June 1914 : Maurice Maunoury * 13 June – 26 August 1914 :
Maurice Raynaud Auguste Gabriel Maurice Raynaud (10 August 1834 – 29 June 1881) was the French doctor who discovered Raynaud syndrome, a vasospastic disorder which contracts blood vessels in extremities and is the "R" in the CREST syndrome acronym, in the lat ...
* 26 August 1914 – 20 March 1917 :
Gaston Doumergue Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (; 1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic. He served as President of France from 13 June 1924 to 13 June 1931. Biography Doumergue ca ...
* 20 March – 12 September 1917 :
André Maginot André Maginot (; 17 February 1877 – 7 January 1932) was a French civil servant, soldier, and Member of Parliament. He is best known for his advocacy of the string of forts known as the Maginot Line. Early years, to World War I Maginot was ...
* 12 September – 16 November 1917 : René Besnard * 16 November 1917 – 20 January 1920 : Henry Simon * 20 January 1920 – 29 March 1924 :
Albert Sarraut Albert-Pierre Sarraut (; 28 July 1872 – 26 November 1962) was a French Radical politician, twice Prime Minister during the Third Republic. Biography Sarraut was born on 28 July 1872 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France. On 14 March 1907 Sarraut, ...
* 29 March – 14 June 1924 : Jean Fabry * 14 June 1924 – 17 April 1925 :
Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (; 18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II. Daladier was born in Carpentr ...
* 17 April – 29 October 1925 :
André Hesse André — sometimes transliterated as Andre — is the French and Portuguese form of the name Andrew, and is now also used in the English-speaking world. It used in France, Quebec, Canada and other French-speaking countries. It is a variation o ...
* 29 October 1925 – 19 July 1926 :
Léon Perrier Léon Perrier (1873–1948) was a French politician. He served as the French Minister of the Colonies from 1925 to 1928. Early life Léon Perrier was born on 1 February 1873 in Tournon-sur-Rhône in the Ardèche, France. Career Perrier served a ...
* 19–23 July 1926 :
Adrien Dariac Adrien is a given name and surname, and the French spelling for the name Adrian. It is also the masculine form of the feminine name Adrienne. It may refer to: People Given name * Adrien Auzout (1622–1691), French astronomer * Adrien Baillet ...
* 23 July 1926 – 6 November 1928 :
Léon Perrier Léon Perrier (1873–1948) was a French politician. He served as the French Minister of the Colonies from 1925 to 1928. Early life Léon Perrier was born on 1 February 1873 in Tournon-sur-Rhône in the Ardèche, France. Career Perrier served a ...
* 11 November 1928 – 3 November 1929 :
André Maginot André Maginot (; 17 February 1877 – 7 January 1932) was a French civil servant, soldier, and Member of Parliament. He is best known for his advocacy of the string of forts known as the Maginot Line. Early years, to World War I Maginot was ...
* 3 November 1929 – 21 February 1930 :
François Piétri François Piétri (8 August 1882 – 17 August 1966) was a minister in several governments in the later years of the French Third Republic and was French ambassador to Spain from 1940 to 1944 under the Vichy regime. Born in Bastia, Corsica to Antoi ...
* 21 February – 2 March 1930 : Lucien Lamoureux * 2 March – 13 December 1930 :
François Piétri François Piétri (8 August 1882 – 17 August 1966) was a minister in several governments in the later years of the French Third Republic and was French ambassador to Spain from 1940 to 1944 under the Vichy regime. Born in Bastia, Corsica to Antoi ...
* 13 December 1930 – 27 January 1931 : Théodore Steeg * 27 January 1931 – 20 February 1932 : Paul Reynaud * 20 February – 3 June 1932 :
Louis de Chappedelaine Louis-Marc-Michel, comte de Chappedelaine (21 June 1876, Saint-Just, Ille-et-Vilaine – 9 December 1939, Ville-d'Avray, Seine-et-Oise) was a French politician. He served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the low ...
* 3 June 1932 – 6 September 1933 :
Albert Sarraut Albert-Pierre Sarraut (; 28 July 1872 – 26 November 1962) was a French Radical politician, twice Prime Minister during the Third Republic. Biography Sarraut was born on 28 July 1872 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France. On 14 March 1907 Sarraut, ...
* 6 September – 26 October 1933 :
Albert Dalimier Albert François Marie Dalimier (20 February 1875 – 6 May 1936) was a French politician. Between 1932 and 1934 he was Minister of Labor (France), Minister of Labor, Minister of the Colonies (France), Minister of the Colonies (twice) and Minister ...
* 26 October – 26 November 1933 :
François Piétri François Piétri (8 August 1882 – 17 August 1966) was a minister in several governments in the later years of the French Third Republic and was French ambassador to Spain from 1940 to 1944 under the Vichy regime. Born in Bastia, Corsica to Antoi ...
* 26 November 1933 – 9 January 1934 :
Albert Dalimier Albert François Marie Dalimier (20 February 1875 – 6 May 1936) was a French politician. Between 1932 and 1934 he was Minister of Labor (France), Minister of Labor, Minister of the Colonies (France), Minister of the Colonies (twice) and Minister ...
* 9–30 January 1934 : Lucien Lamoureux * 30 January – 9 February 1934 : Henry de Jouvenel * 9 February – 13 October 1934 :
Pierre Laval Pierre Jean Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932 and 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. He again occu ...
* 13 October 1934 – 24 January 1936 :
Louis Rollin Louis Marie Joseph Etienne Rollin (27 March 1879 – 3 November 1952) was a French politician who was a minister in several cabinets in the period between the two world wars. Early years (1879–1919) Louis Marie Joseph Etienne Rollin was born ...
* 24 January – 4 June 1936 :
Jacques Stern Jacques Stern (born 21 August 1949) is a cryptographer, currently a professor at the École Normale Supérieure. He received the 2006 CNRS Gold medal. His notable work includes the cryptanalysis of numerous encryption and signature schemes, th ...
* 4 June 1936 – 18 January 1938 :
Marius Moutet Marius Moutet (19 April 1876 â€“ 29 October 1968) was a French Socialist diplomat and colonial adviser. An expert in colonial issues, he served as Minister of the Colonies for four terms in the 1930s and 1940s and was president of the Gener ...
* 18 January – 13 March 1938 : Théodore Steeg * 13 March – 10 April 1938 :
Marius Moutet Marius Moutet (19 April 1876 â€“ 29 October 1968) was a French Socialist diplomat and colonial adviser. An expert in colonial issues, he served as Minister of the Colonies for four terms in the 1930s and 1940s and was president of the Gener ...
* 10 April 1938 – 18 May 1940 :
Georges Mandel Georges Mandel (5 June 1885 – 7 July 1944) was a French journalist, politician, and French Resistance leader. Early life Born Louis George Rothschild in Chatou, Yvelines, he was the son of a tailor and his wife. His family was Jewish, originally ...
* 18 May – 16 June 1940 :
Louis Rollin Louis Marie Joseph Etienne Rollin (27 March 1879 – 3 November 1952) was a French politician who was a minister in several cabinets in the period between the two world wars. Early years (1879–1919) Louis Marie Joseph Etienne Rollin was born ...
* 16 June – 12 July 1940 :
Albert Rivière Albert Rivière (24 April 1891 – 28 June 1953) was a French tailor and moderate socialist politician. He was Minister of Pensions (France), Minister of Pensions between 1936 and 1940, and was briefly Minister of Colonies (France), Minister of Col ...
* 12 July – 6 September 1940 :
Henry Lémery Henry Lémery (9 December 1874 – 26 April 1972) was a politician from Martinique who served in the French National Assembly from 1914–1919 and the French Senate from 1920–1941. Lémery was briefly Ministry of Justice (France), Minister of Jus ...
* 6 September 1940 – 18 April 1942 :
Charles Platon René-Charles Platon (19 September 1886 – 28 August 1944) was a French admiral who was responsible for the Colonial Ministry under the Vichy government. He was a passionate supporter of the ''Révolution nationale'' (National Revolution) of Vich ...
* 24 September 1941 – 28 July 1942 :
René Pleven René Pleven (; 15 April 1901 – 13 January 1993) was a notable French politician of the Fourth Republic. A member of the Free French, he helped found the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR), a political party that was meant ...
( Commissaire) * 18 April 1942 – 26 March 1943 :
Jules Brévié Joseph-Jules Brévié (12 March 1880 – 28 July 1964) was a French colonial administrator who became governor-general of French West Africa from 1930 to 1936, and then governor-general of French Indochina from 1937 to 1939. He promoted liberal an ...
* 28 July – 17 October 1942 :
Hervé Alphand Hervé Alphand (31 May 1907 – 13 January 1994) was a French diplomat, and French ambassador to the United States, from 1956 to 1965. Life Born into a family of diplomats, he studied law and graduated in political science. In 1930, he joined t ...
( Commissaire) * 17 October 1942 – 10 September 1944 :
René Pleven René Pleven (; 15 April 1901 – 13 January 1993) was a notable French politician of the Fourth Republic. A member of the Free French, he helped found the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR), a political party that was meant ...
( Commissaire) * 26 March 1943 – 20 August 1944 :
Henri Bléhaut Henri Paul Arsène Bléhaut (22 November 1889 – 8 December 1962) was French politician and counter admiral. He was Secretary of State for the Navy and the Colonies from 26 March 1943 to 10 September 1944 in Vichy France. Life Early career ...
* 10 September – 16 November 1944 :
René Pleven René Pleven (; 15 April 1901 – 13 January 1993) was a notable French politician of the Fourth Republic. A member of the Free French, he helped found the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR), a political party that was meant ...
* 16 November 1944 – 21 November 1945 :
Paul Giacobbi Paul Giacobbi (born 4 June 1957 in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine) was a member of the National Assembly of France until he retired at the 2017 Parliamentary Elections. He represented the 2nd constituency of the Haute-Corse department, and is a ...
* 21 November 1945 – 26 January 1946 :
Jacques Soustelle Jacques Soustelle (3 February 1912 – 6 August 1990) was an important and early figure of the Free French Forces, a politician who served in the French National Assembly and at one time served as Governor General of Algeria, an anthropologist s ...


Minister of the Overseas (1946–present)

* 26 January – 23 December 1946 :
Marius Moutet Marius Moutet (19 April 1876 â€“ 29 October 1968) was a French Socialist diplomat and colonial adviser. An expert in colonial issues, he served as Minister of the Colonies for four terms in the 1930s and 1940s and was president of the Gener ...
* 23 December 1946 – 22 January 1947 :
Auguste Laurent Auguste Laurent (14 November 1807 – 15 April 1853) was a French chemist who helped in the founding of organic chemistry with his discoveries of anthracene, phthalic acid, and carbolic acid. He devised a systematic nomenclature for organic chem ...
* 22 January – 22 October 1947 :
Marius Moutet Marius Moutet (19 April 1876 â€“ 29 October 1968) was a French Socialist diplomat and colonial adviser. An expert in colonial issues, he served as Minister of the Colonies for four terms in the 1930s and 1940s and was president of the Gener ...
* 22 October 1947 – 29 October 1949 : Paul Coste-Floret * 29 October 1949 – 3 July 1950 : Jean Letourneau * 3–12 July 1950 : Paul Coste-Floret * 12 July 1950 – 11 August 1951 :
François Mitterrand François Marie Adrien Maurice Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was President of France, serving under that position from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he ...
* 11 August 1951 – 8 March 1952 :
Louis Jacquinot Louis Jacquinot (16 September 1898 – 14 June 1993) was a French lawyer and politician, and chief of Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré's office. Jacquinot was born in Gondrecourt-le-Château (Meuse) in 1898. Entering parliament in 1932, he lat ...
* 8 March 1952 – 8 January 1953 :
Pierre Pflimlin Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin (; 5 February 1907 – 27 June 2000) was a French Christian Democrat politician who served as the Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic for a few weeks in 1958, before being replaced by Charles de Gaulle during the ...
* 8 January 1953 – 19 June 1954 :
Louis Jacquinot Louis Jacquinot (16 September 1898 – 14 June 1993) was a French lawyer and politician, and chief of Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré's office. Jacquinot was born in Gondrecourt-le-Château (Meuse) in 1898. Entering parliament in 1932, he lat ...
* 19 June 1954 – 20 January 1955 : Robert Buron * 20 January – 23 February 1955 :
Jean-Jacques Juglas Jean-Jacques Juglas (10 June 1904 in Bergerac (Dordogne) Р17 August 1982 in Paris), was a French politician. Positions * Minister of Overseas France in the Pierre Mend̬s France government (20 January 1955 to 23 February 1955) * MRP ...
* 23 February 1955 – 1 February 1956 : Pierre-Henri Teitgen * 1 February 1956 – 13 June 1957 : Gaston Defferre * 13 June 1957 – 14 May 1958 :
Gérard Jaquet Gérard Jaquet (12 January 1916 – 13 April 2013) was a French politician. Jaquet was born in Malakoff. He represented the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in the Constituent Assembly elected in 1945, in the Constituent Ass ...
* 14 May – 9 June 1958 :
André Colin André Colin (19 January 1910 – 29 August 1978) was a French politician. He served as a member of the National Assembly from 1945 to 1958, and as a member of the French Senate from 1959 to 1978, representing Finistère Finistère (, ; br, ...
* 9 June 1958 – 8 January 1959 :
Bernard Cornut-Gentille Bernard Cornut-Gentille (26 July 1909 â€“ 21 January 1992) was a French administrator and politician. Born in Brest, Finistère, Cornut-Gentille studied at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques. In 1943 he was appointed as the Subprefec ...
* 5 February 1960 – 24 August 1961 : Robert Lecourt * 24 August 1961 – 8 January 1966 :
Louis Jacquinot Louis Jacquinot (16 September 1898 – 14 June 1993) was a French lawyer and politician, and chief of Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré's office. Jacquinot was born in Gondrecourt-le-Château (Meuse) in 1898. Entering parliament in 1932, he lat ...
* 8 January 1966 – 30 May 1968 :
Pierre Billotte Pierre Armand Gaston Billotte (8 March 1906 – 29 June 1992) was a French Army officer and politician. He was the son of General Gaston Billotte, who commanded parts of the French Army at the start of World War II. Pierre Billotte was himself no ...
* 30 May – 10 July 1968 : Joël Le Theule * 25 February 1971 – 7 July 1972 :
Pierre Messmer Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 – the longest serving since Étienne François, duc de Choiseul under Lo ...
* 2 April 1973 – 27 February 1974 :
Bernard Stasi Bernard Stasi (4 July 1930, Reims – 4 May 2011) was a French politician. He was the son of Italo-Mexican immigrants. Stasi served as Minister for Overseas Departments and Territories from 2 April 1973 to 27 February 1974. From 1998 to 20 ...
* 20 March 1986 – 10 May 1988 :
Bernard Pons Bernard Pons (18 July 1926 – 27 April 2022) was a French politician and medical doctor who was a member of the Union of Democrats for the Republic from 1971 to 1976 and a member of the Rally for the Republic party thereafter. He served as Sec ...
* 23 June 1988 – 29 March 1993 :
Louis Le Pensec Louis Le Pensec (born 8 January 1937, in Mellac, Finistère) is a French politician. He is a member of the Socialist Party. Between 1973 and 1997, he was a member of the Parliament. Since 27 September 1998, he is a Senator of Finistère. Fr ...
* 29 March 1993 – 18 May 1995 :
Dominique Perben Dominique Perben (born 11 August 1945) is a French politician. Born in Lyon, he was French Minister of Transportation from 2005 to 2007. He was previously Minister of Justice (2002–05), Minister of Civil Service and Administration (1995–199 ...
* 18 May – 7 November 1995 : Jean-Jacques de Peretti * 7 May 2002 – 2 June 2005 :
Brigitte Girardin Brigitte Girardin (born 12 January 1953 in Verdun, Meuse, France) is a French diplomat and politician. She was the minister of Overseas France under Jacques Chirac from 7 May 2002 to 2 June 2005. Biography In 1976, Girardin first worked for the ...
* 2 June 2005 – 26 March 2007 : François Baroin * 26 March – 19 June 2007 :
Hervé Mariton Hervé Marie David Mariton (born 5 November 1958) is French politician serving as Mayor of Crest since 1995. A member of The Republicans, he was elected to the National Assembly for the third constituency of Drôme from 1993 to 1997 and again f ...
* 19 June 2007 – 23 June 2009:
Michèle Alliot-Marie Michèle Yvette Marie-Thérèse Jeanne Honorine Alliot-Marie (; born 10 September 1946), known in France as MAM, is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France. She is a member of the Republicans, part of the Eur ...
* 23 June – 6 November 2009:
Brice Hortefeux Brice Hortefeux (born 11 May 1958) is a conservative French politician. He was Minister of the Interior, Overseas Territories and Territorial collectivities. He was previously Minister for Labour, Labour Relations, the Family, Solidarity and Ur ...
* 6 November 2009 – 10 May 2012:
Marie-Luce Penchard Marie-Luce Penchard (born 14 February 1959, in Gourbeyre) is a French politician from Guadeloupe and member of the UMP. She is the daughter of Lucette Michaux-Chevry, the historical leader of the right in Guadeloupe and the former President of ...
* 16 May 2012 – 2 April 2014:
Victorin Lurel Victorin Lurel ( ; born 20 August 1951 in Vieux-Habitants, Guadeloupe) is a French politician who represented the 4th district of Guadeloupe in the French National Assembly from 2002 to 2012. He also served as the President of the Regional ...
* 2 April 2014 – 30 August 2016:
George Pau-Langevin George Pau-Langevin (; born 19 October 1948 in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe) is a French lawyer and politician. A member of the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party (PS). Close to Bertrand Delanoë, she was deputy for the Paris's 21st con ...
* 30 August 2016 – 10 May 2017:
Ericka Bareigts Ericka Bareigts (; born 16 April 1967) is a French politician of the Socialist Party (PS) who served as Minister of Overseas France in the governments of successive Prime Minister Manuel Valls and Bernard Cazeneuve from 30 August 2016 to 10 May 20 ...
* 17 May 2017 – 6 July 2020: Annick Girardin * 6 July 2020 – 20 May 2022: Sébastien Lecornu * 20 May 2022 – 25 June 2022:
Yaël Braun-Pivet Yaël Braun-Pivet (; born 7 December 1970) is a French lawyer and politician who has served as President of the French National Assembly since 28 June 2022. She is the first woman to hold this position. A member of La République En Marche (LREM ...
* 25 June 2022 – 4 July 2022:
Elisabeth Borne Elizabeth or Elisabeth may refer to: People * Elizabeth (given name), a female given name (including people with that name) * Elizabeth (biblical figure), mother of John the Baptist Ships * HMS ''Elizabeth'', several ships * ''Elisabeth'' (sc ...
(acting) * 4 July 2022 – Present: Jean-François Carenco


See also

*
Archives nationales d'outre-mer The Archives nationales d'outre-mer in Aix-en-Provence is a branch of the Archives Nationales of France that documents the French colonial empire. According to one scholar, "half the history of France overseas was represented in the mass of pa ...
,
Aix-en-Provence Aix-en-Provence (, , ; oc, label= Provençal, Ais de Provença in classical norm, or in Mistralian norm, ; la, Aquae Sextiae), or simply Aix ( medieval Occitan: ''Aics''), is a city and commune in southern France, about north of Marseille. ...


References


Further reading

*Robert Aldrich. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion. Macmillan (1996) pp109–114


External links


Rulers: France. Ministries, political parties, etc. from 1870: Overseas Ministers (Colonies)
Rulers.org
Les Ministres de l'Outre-Mer sous la Vème République. Ministère de l'Outre-Mer outre-mer.gouv.fr

L'administration centrale du Ministère de l'Outre-Mer: Ministère de l'Outre-Mer outre-mer.gouv.fr

L'histoire du Ministère de l'Outre-Mer Ministère de l'Outre-Mer outre-mer.gouv.fr
{{Authority control Former French colonies Overseas *
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
overseas