Within

geotechnical engineering Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics for the solution of its respective engineering problems. It als ...

, Laubscher developed the Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR) system by modifying the

Rock Mass Rating The rock mass rating (RMR) is a geomechanics, geomechanical classification system for Rock (geology), rocks, developed by Z. T. Bieniawski between 1972 and 1973. Since then it has undergone multiple modifications out of which, RMR89 is commonly us ...

(RMR) system of Z. T. Bieniawski. In the MRMR system the stability and support are determined with the following equations: :''RMR = IRS + RQD + spacing + condition'' ::in which: :::''RMR = Laubschers Rock Mass Rating'' :::''IRS = Intact Rock Strength'' :::''RQD = Rock Quality Designation'' :::''spacing = expression for the spacing of discontinuities'' :::''condition = condition of discontinuities (parameter also dependent on groundwater presence, pressure, or quantity of groundwater inflow in the underground excavation)'' :''MRMR = RMR * adjustment factors'' ::in which: :::''adjustment factors = factors to compensate for: the method of excavation, orientation of discontinuities and excavation, induced stresses, and future weathering'' The parameters to calculate the ''RMR'' value are similar to those used in the RMR system of Bieniawski. This may be confusing, as some of the parameters in the ''MRMR'' system are modified, such as the condition parameter that includes groundwater presence and pressure in the ''MRMR'' system whereas groundwater is a separate parameter in the RMR system of Bieniawski. The number of classes for the parameters and the detail of the description of the parameters are also more extensive than in the RMR system of Bieniawski. The ''adjustment factors'' depend on future (susceptibility to)

weathering Weathering is the deterioration of rocks, soils and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with water, atmospheric gases, and biological organisms. Weathering occurs ''in situ'' (on site, with little or no movement), ...

, stress environment, orientation, The combination of values of ''RMR'' and ''MRMR'' determines the so-called reinforcement potential. A rock mass with a high ''RMR'' before the adjustment factors are applied has a high ''reinforcement potential'', and can be reinforced by, for example, rock bolts, whatever the ''MRMR'' value might be after excavation. Contrariwise, rock bolts are not a suitable reinforcement for a rock mass with a low ''RMR'' (i.e. has a low ''reinforcement potential''). Laubscher uses a graph for the ''spacing'' parameter. The parameter is dependent on a maximum of three discontinuity sets that determine the size and the form of the rock blocks. The ''condition'' parameter is determined by the discontinuity set with the most adverse influence on the stability. The concept of adjustment factors for the rock mass before and after excavation is very attractive. This allows for compensation of local variations, which may be present at the location of the rock mass observed, but might not be present at the location of the proposed excavation or vice versa. In addition, this allows for quantification of the influence of excavation and excavation induced stresses, excavation methods, and the influence of past and future weathering of the rock mass.

See also

References

Further reading