![Indian workers at Hindustan Aircraft Factory in Bangalore 1944](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Indian_workers_at_Hindustan_Aircraft_Factory_in_Bangalore_1944.jpg)
Military production during World War II was the arms, ammunition, personnel and financing which were produced or mobilized by the belligerents of the war from the occupation of Austria in early 1938 to the surrender and occupation of Japan in late 1945.
The mobilization of funds, people, natural resources and material for the production and supply of military equipment and military forces during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
was a critical component of the war effort. During the conflict, the
Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
outpaced the
Axis powers
The Axis powers, ; it, Potenze dell'Asse ; ja, 枢軸国 ''Sūjikukoku'', group=nb originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were ...
in most production categories. Access to the funding and industrial resources necessary to sustain the war effort was linked to their respective economic and political alliances.
Historical context
During the 1930s, political forces in Germany increased their financial investment in the military to develop the armed forces required to support near and long-term political and territorial goals. Germany's economic, scientific, research, and industrial capabilities were one of the most technically advanced in the world at the time, supporting a rapidly growing, innovative military. However, access to (and control of) the resources and production capacity required to entertain long-term goals (such as European control, German territorial expansion and the destruction of the USSR) were limited. Political demands necessitated the expansion of Germany's control of natural and human resources, industrial capacity and farmland beyond its borders. Germany's military production was tied to resources outside its area of control, a dynamic not found amongst the Allies.
![British Empire 1921](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png)
In 1938
Britain
Britain most often refers to:
* The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands
* Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
was a global superpower, with political and economic control of a quarter of the world's population, industry and resources, in addition to its close allies in the independent Dominion nations (such as Canada and South Africa). From 1938 to mid-1942, the British coordinated the Allied effort in all global theatres. They fought the German, Italian, Japanese and Vichy armies, air forces and navies across Europe, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, India, the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Arctic Oceans. British forces destroyed Italian armies in North and East Africa and occupied overseas colonies of occupied European nations. Following engagements with Axis forces, British Empire troops occupied Libya, Italian Somaliland, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran and Iraq. The Empire funded and delivered needed supplies by Arctic convoys to the USSR, and supported Free French forces to recapture French Equatorial Africa. Britain also established
governments in exile in London to rally support in occupied Europe for the Allied effort. The British held back or slowed the Axis powers for three years while mobilising their globally integrated economy and industrial infrastructure to build what became, by 1942, the most extensive military apparatus of the war. This allowed their later allies (such as the United States) to mobilise their economies and develop the military forces required to play a role in the war effort, and for the British to go on the offensive in its theatres of operation.
![Trinity atmospheric nucleat test - July 1945 - Flickr - The Official CTBTO Photostream](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Trinity_atmospheric_nucleat_test_-_July_1945_-_Flickr_-_The_Official_CTBTO_Photostream.jpg)
The entry of the United States into the war in late 1941 injected financial, human and industrial resources into Allied operations. The US produced more than its own military forces required and armed itself and its allies for the most industrialized war in history. At the beginning of the war, the British and French placed large orders for aircraft with American manufacturers and the US Congress approved plans to increase its air forces by 3,000 planes. In May 1940,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
called for the production of 185,000 aeroplanes, 120,000 tanks, 55,000 anti-aircraft guns and 18 million tons of merchant shipping in two years.
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...
was told by his advisors that this was American propaganda; in 1939, annual aircraft production for the US military was less than 3,000 planes. By the end of the war US factories had produced 300,000 planes, and by 1944 had produced two-thirds of the Allied military equipment used in the war — bringing military forces into play in North and South America, the Caribbean, the Atlantic, Western Europe and the Pacific.
The U.S. produced vast quantities of military equipment into late 1945, including nuclear weapons, and became the strongest, most technologically advanced military forces in the world. In addition to out-producing the Axis, the Allies produced technological innovations; through the
Tizard Mission
The Tizard Mission, officially the British Technical and Scientific Mission, was a British delegation that visited the United States during WWII to obtain the industrial resources to exploit the military potential of the research and development ( ...
, British contributions included
radar
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (''ranging''), angle, and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, w ...
(instrumental in winning the
Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain, also known as the Air Battle for England (german: die Luftschlacht um England), was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) of the Royal Navy defende ...
),
sonar
Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigation, navigate, measure distances (ranging), communicate with or detect o ...
(improving their ability to sink
U-boats
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare rol ...
), and the
proximity fuze
A proximity fuze (or fuse) is a Fuze (munitions), fuze that detonates an Explosive material, explosive device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. Proximity fuzes are designed for targets such ...
; the Americans led the
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project w ...
(which eliminated the need to invade Japan). The proximity fuze, for example, was five times as effective as
contact
Contact may refer to:
Interaction Physical interaction
* Contact (geology), a common geological feature
* Contact lens or contact, a lens placed on the eye
* Contact sport, a sport in which players make contact with other players or objects
* ...
or
timed fuzes and was devastating in naval use against Japanese aircraft and so effective against German ground troops that General
George S. Patton
George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a general in the United States Army who commanded the Seventh United States Army in the Mediterranean Theater of World War II, and the Third United States Army in France ...
said it "won the Battle of the Bulge for us."
The human and social costs of the war on the population of the USSR were immense, with combat deaths alone in the millions. Recognising the importance of their population and industrial production to the war effort, the USSR evacuated the majority of its European territory—moving 2,500 factories, 17 million people and great quantities of resources to the east. Out of German reach, the USSR produced equipment and forces critical to the Axis defeat in Europe. Over one million women served in the Soviet armed forces.
![Airacobra P39 Assembly LOC 02902u](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg)
The statistics below illustrate the extent to which the Allies outproduced the Axis. Production of machine tools tripled, and thousands of ships were built in shipyards which did not exist before the war. According to
William S. Knudsen
William Signius Knudsen (March 25, 1879 – April 27, 1948) was a leading Danish-American automotive industry executive and an American general during World War II. His experience and success as a key senior manager in the operations sides of F ...
, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."
Access to resources and large, controlled international labour pools and the ability to build arms in relative peace were critical to the eventual victory of the Allies.
Donald Douglas (founder of the
Douglas Aircraft Company
The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American aerospace manufacturer based in Southern California. It was founded in 1921 by Donald Wills Douglas Sr. and later merged with McDonnell Aircraft in 1967 to form McDonnell Douglas; it then operated as ...
) declared, "Here's proof that free men can out-produce slaves."
Production summaries 1939–1945
Personnel
Major weapons groups
Economy
In thousands of
international dollar
The international dollar (int'l dollar or intl dollar, symbols Int'l$., Intl$., Int$), also known as Geary–Khamis dollar (symbols G-K$ or GK$), is a hypothetical unit of currency that has the same purchasing power parity that the U.S. dollar ...
s, at 2014 prices.
Vital commerce and raw materials
![WSA Photo 4235](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/WSA_Photo_4235.jpg)
* Cargo and resources in metric tonnes
Production overview: service, power and type
Land forces
Air forces
Naval forces
Munitions
Commercial forces
Resources
All figures in millions of tonnes
Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a money, monetary Measurement in economics, measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries. Due to its complex and subjec ...
(GDP) provides insight into the relative strength of the belligerents in the run up to, and during the conflict.
Romanian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and Albanian GDP calculated by multiplying the GDP per capita of the four countries in 1938 ($1,242 for Romania, $2,655 for Hungary, $1,595 for Bulgaria and over $900 for Albania) by their estimated populations in 1938: 19,750,000 for Romania, 9,082,400 for Hungary, 6,380,000 for Bulgaria and 1,040,400 for Albania.
Table notes
# France to Axis: 1940:50% (light green), 1941–44:100% (brown)
# USSR to Allies: 1941:44% (light green), 1942–1945:100%.
# US direct support to the Allies begins with
Lend Lease
Lend-Lease, formally the Lend-Lease Act and introduced as An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States (), was a policy under which the United States supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and other Allied nations with food, oil, ...
in March 1941, though the US made it possible for
the Allies to purchase US-produced materiel from 1939
# Italy to Allies and Axis: 1938:0%, 1939–1943:100% Axis (brown), 1944-1945:100% Allies
# Japanese to Axis begins with
Tripartite Pact
The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu. It was a defensive military ...
in 1940
# The Allied and Axis totals are ''not'' the immediate sum of the table values; see the distribution rules used above.
United States World War II GDP (compared to other countries)
GDP during World War II
* Debt and higher taxes led to GDP growth percentages over 17%. This trend continued throughout the war and stopped increasing after the war ended. For the United States, government spending was used as a positive indicator of GDP growth. However the high rates of government only was beneficial for a short period of time, a trend that can be seen in most wars.
* In 1939, Britain spent 9% of its GDP on defence; this rose drastically after the start of World War II to around 40%. By the year 1945 government spending had peaked at 52% of the national GDP.
* Before joining World War II US government spending in 1941 represented 30% of GDP, or about $408 billion. In 1944 at the peak of World War II, government spending had risen to over $1.6 trillion about 79% of the GDP. During this three-year period the total GDP represented by government spending rose 394%.
US unemployment during World War II
* During World War II unemployment by 1945 had fallen to 1.9% from 14.6% in 1940. 20% of the population during the war was employed within the armed forces.
* The beginning years of World War II shows a spike in employment, but towards the end of the war decreased significantly. The employment spike was in relation to the tremendous amount of production the United States was making. Examples of high numbers of employment could have been seen in at Gulf Shipbuilding which obtained 240 employees at the beginning of 1940 and increased to 11,600 employees in 1943. Alabama Dry dock also was an exemplary business in employment that raised number from 1,000 workers to 30,000 in the most productive years of the war. Demographics of employment consisted of eight million women including African Americans and Latinas, adding to the 24 million that searched for defensive jobs outside of the war.
Price of war
Many concerns and political influence come from the price of war. While GDP can easily increase federal expenditures, it also can influence political elections and government decision making. No matter how much percentages of GDP increase or decrease we need higher amounts of GDP in order to pay for more investments, one of those investments being more wars. To pay for these wars, taxes are held at a very high rate. For example, by the end of World War II tax rates went from 1.5% to 15%. Along with tax percentages reaching high amounts, spending on non-defense programs were cut in half during the period of World War II. Tax cuts allow one to see GDP in effect for the average American. Still, almost ten years after World War II, in 1950 and 1951 congress raised taxes close to 4% in order to pay for the
Korean War
, date = {{Ubl, 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 (''de facto'')({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=6, day1=25, year1=1950, month2=7, day2=27, year2=1953), 25 June 1950 – present (''de jure'')({{Age in years, months, weeks a ...
. After the Korean War, in 1968 taxes again were raised 10% to pay for the
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...
. This caused GDP to increase 1%. Although research can support positive relationship between production and jobs with GDP, research can also show the negative relationship with tax increases and GDP.
US wartime production
Prior to the Second World War, the United States was cautious with regard to its manufacturing capabilities as the country was still recovering from the
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...
. However, during the war, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
set ambitious production goals to fulfill. The early 1940s were set to have 60,000 aircraft increasing to 125,000 in 1943. In addition, targets for the production of 120,000 tanks and 55,000 aircraft were set during the same time period. The
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company (commonly known as Ford) is an American multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobi ...
in Michigan built one motor car (comprising 15,000 parts) on the assembly lines every 69 seconds. Ford's production contributed to America's total production of vehicles totalling three million in 1941. American production numbers caused the US employed workforce to increase massively. America's yearly production exceeded Japan's production building more planes in 1944 than Japan built in all the war years combined. As a result, half of the world's war production came from America. The government paid for this production using techniques of selling war bonds to financial institutions, rationing household items and creating more tax revenues.
One part of the US wartime manufacturing boom can be ascribed to
Alcoa
Alcoa Corporation (an acronym for Aluminum Company of America) is a Pittsburgh-based industrial corporation. It is the world's eighth-largest producer of aluminum. Alcoa conducts operations in 10 countries. Alcoa is a major producer of primary ...
's second major reduction plant in
Mobile, Alabama
Mobile ( , ) is a city and the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States. The population within the city limits was 187,041 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, down from 195,111 at the 2010 United States census, 2010 cens ...
starting in 1937. At first serving mainly the Japanese market, the plant prepared thousands of tons of aluminum for the production of aeroplanes during the wa
The United States quickly adjusted to the levels of production required to equip its military with the millions of war products used during World War II.
Personnel – Allied – Britain, dominions and possessions
Including all non-British subjects in British services.
Note:
# Auxiliary units include Home Guard, Reserves, Police regiments, etc.
Personnel – Axis – German Reich
This includes all German and non-German subjects serving within German Reich forces.
Note:
# Auxiliary units include Home Guard, Wehrmachtsgefolge, Reserves, Police regiments, etc.
# USSR includes Armenia 4k SS, 14k Wehr, 7k Aux; Azerbaijan 55k SS, 70k Wehr; Belarus 12k Wehr, 20k Aux; Cossack 200k Wehr; Estonia 20k SS, 50k Wehr, 7k Aux; Georgia 10k SS; 30k Wehr; Kalmyk 5k Wehr; Latvia 55k SS; 87k Wehr, 300 Air, 23k Aux; Lithuania 50k Wehr, 10 Aux; North Caucuses 4k SS; Russia 60k SS, 26k Wehr; Turkestan 16k Wehr; Ukrainian 300k Wehr; 2k Aux; Tatar/Urals 12k Wehr
Aircraft – Allied – British Empire
Within the UK, initially aircraft production was very vulnerable to enemy bombing. To expand and diversify the production base the British set up
British shadow factories, shadow factories. These brought other manufacturing companies – such as vehicle manufacturers – into aircraft production, or aircraft parts production. These inexperienced companies were set up in groups under the guidance or control of the aircraft manufacturers. New factory buildings were provided with government money.
Aircraft – Allies – France, Poland and minor powers
Production numbers until the time of the German occupation of the respective country.
Some types listed were in production before the war, those listed were still in production at the time of or after the
Munich crisis
The Munich Agreement ( cs, Mnichovská dohoda; sk, Mníchovská dohoda; german: Münchner Abkommen) was an agreement concluded at Munich on 30 September 1938, by Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. It provided "cession to Germany ...
.
Aircraft - Axis - All
Occupied countries produced weapons for the Axis powers. Figures are for the period of occupation only.
Propaganda posters
See also
*
Allied technological cooperation during World War II
The Allies of World War II cooperated extensively in the development and manufacture of new and existing technologies to support military operations and intelligence gathering during the Second World War. There are various ways in which the allie ...
*
Combined Food Board The Combined Food Board was a temporary World War II government agency that allocated the combined economic resources of the United States and the United Kingdom. It was set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchil ...
*
Combined Munitions Assignments Board
The Combined Munitions Assignments Board was a major government agency for the U.S. and Britain in World War II. With Harry Hopkins, Roosevelt's top advisor in charge, it took control of the allocation of war supplies and Lend lease aid to the Al ...
*
Combined Raw Materials Board The Combined Raw Materials Board was a temporary World War II government agency that allocated the combined economic resources of the United States and Britain. It was set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill ...
*
Combined Shipping Adjustment Board The Combined Shipping Adjustment Board or Combined Shipping Board was a joint American-British war agency 1942-45 nominally in charge of commercial shipping. It proved ineffective as much more powerful boards, such as the Combined Munitions Assign ...
*
*
*
*
Soviet industry in World War II The Soviet Union took part in World War II from 1939 until the war's end in 1945. At the start of the war, the Soviet Union suffered loss of valuable lands with economic and agricultural potential, great industrial losses and human casualties. This ...
**
Soviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II
Soviet armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II from the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 was large. Although the Soviet Union had a large force of combat vehicles before the German invasion, heavy ...
*
United States aircraft production during World War II
America's manufacturers in World War II were engaged in the greatest military industrial effort in history. Aircraft companies went from building a handful of planes at a time to building them by the thousands on assembly lines. Aircraft manufactur ...
*
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
The use of slave and forced labour in Nazi Germany (german: Zwangsarbeit) and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. It was a vital part of the German economic exploitation of conquered t ...
*
Technology during World War II
Technology played a significant role in World War II. Some of the technologies used during the war were developed during the interwar years of the 1920s and 1930s, much was developed in response to needs and lessons learned during the war, whil ...
Notes
Citations
Table data
Personnel -Allied - British Empire
Wayback MachineAustralia 2]
This website is currently unavailable."Facts & Information"] Canada at War July 4, 2009
*
*
*
*
*
*
* http://idsa.in/system/files/IndiaWorldWarII.pdf India 3 idsa.in
*
*
The Battle for Miri and Sarawak, Borneo, WW II (article) by Franz L Kessler on AuthorsDenMalay
The Allied Merchant Navy - Their Legacy… Our FreedomNetherlands
* Netherlands
Newfoundland
* New Zealand
Nigeria
*
South African Military History Society - Journal - The South African Corps of MarinesSouth Africa
South Africa
*
*
*
*
*
Personnel - Axis
*
* Volunteers, Ailsby 2004
Raw materials
* The Mineral Industry of the British Empire and Foreign Countries, Statistical Summary 1938–1944, The Imperial Institute, HMSO, 1948
* The Mineral Industry of the British Empire and Foreign Countries, Statistical Summary 1941–1947, The Imperial Institute, HMSO, 1949
Official histories
* ''
History of the Second World War
The ''History of the Second World War'' is the official history of the British contribution to the Second World War and was published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). The immense project was sub-divided into areas to ease publication, ...
'' (104 volumes), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1949 to 1993
* ''Official History of Australia in the War of 1939–1945'' (22 volumes), Australian Government Printing Service, 1952 to 1977
''Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Vol I Six Years of War'' Stacey, C P., Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 1955
* ''Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War 1939-45'' (24 volumes), Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, India & Pakistan, New Delhi, 1956-1966
* ''Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45'', Historical Publications Branch, Wellington, New Zealand, 1965
Bibliography
* Ailsby, Christopher, ''Hitler's Renegades: Foreign Nationals in the Service of the Third Reich'' (Photographic Histories), Potomac Books, 2004
* Barnett, Correlli, ''The audit of war : the illusion & reality of Britain as a great nation'', Macmillan, 1986
* Barnes, C.H.; James D.N. ''Shorts Aircraft since 1900'', London, Putnam, 1989
* Bishop, Chris, ''The Encyclopaedia of Weapons of World War II'', Sterling Publishing, 2002
* Bowyer, Michael J.F. ''Aircraft for the Royal Air Force: The "Griffon" Spitfire, The Albemarle Bomber and the Shetland Flying-Boat'', London, Faber & Faber, 1980
* Boyd, David, (2009
"Wartime Production by the Commonwealth during WWII"''British Equipment of the Second World War''
*
* Butler, Tony. ''British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950''. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004
* Canada at War
"The Canadian War Industry"* Dressel, Joachim and Manfred Griehl. ''Bombers of the Luftwaffe''. London: DAG Publications, 1994
* Flint, Keith, ''Airborne Armour: Tetrarch, Locust, Hamilcar and the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment 1938-1950''. Helion & Company Ltd., 2006
* Francillon, René J., ''Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War'', London, Putnam, 1970
* Gregg, W.A ed., ''Canada’s Fighting Vehicles Europe 1943-1945'', Canadian Military Historical Society, 1980
* Green, William. ''War Planes of The Second World War:Volume Seven - Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft''. London: Macdonald, 1967
* Harrison, Mark, "The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison", Cambridge University Press, 1998
Author's overview
* Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II'', Random House, New York, 2012
* ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft'' (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985
* Jackson, A.J., ''De Havilland Aircraft since 1909'' (Third ed.), London, Putnam, 1987
* ''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II'', London, Studio Editions Ltd, 1989
"Les luxembourgeois de la Brigade Piron" (in French) Armee.lu. Retrieved 29 June 2013
* Long, Jason, ''Lend Lease as a Function of the Soviet war Economy''
Retrieved June 12, 2014
* Mason, Francis K. ''The British Bomber since 1914'', London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994
* Milward, Alan S., ''War, economy, and society, 1939-1945'', University of California Press, 1979
* Morgan, Eric B. "Albemarle" in ''Twentyfirst Profile'', Volume 1, No. 11. New Milton, Hants, UK: 21st Profile Ltd.
* Munoz, A.J., ''For Croatia and Christ: The Croatian Army in World War II 1941–1945'', Axis Europa Books, NY, 1996
* Mondey, David. ''The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II''. New York: Bounty Books, 1996
* Ness, Leland, ''Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles, The Complete Guide'', Harper Collins, 2002
* Otway, Lieutenant-Colonel T.B.H. ''The Second World War 1939-1945 Army: Airborne Forces.'' London: Imperial War Museum, 1990
* Overy, Richard, ''Why the Allies Won'' (Paperback), W. W. Norton & Company, 1997
Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies* Smith, J.R. and Anthony L. Kay. ''German Aircraft of the Second World War''. London: Putnam and Company Ltd.,
* Swanborough, Gordon. ''British Aircraft at War, 1939-1945''. East Sussex, UK: HPC Publishing, 1997
* Tapper, Oliver. ''Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft since 1913''. London: Putnam, 1988
* Tomasevich, Jozo, ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration 2.'' San Francisco: Stanford University Press, 2001
* Veterans Affairs Canada
"Canadian Production of War Materials"* Wilson, Stewart, ''Aircraft of WWII'', 1998
* Wrynn, V. Dennis. ''Forge of Freedom: American Aircraft Production in World War II'', Motorbooks International, Osceola, WI, 1995
* Zuljan, Ralph
''Articles On War'' OnWar.com (2003)
External links
Allies and Lend-Lease Museum, RussiaAustralia War Memorial official war history online archiveCanada at WarNational War Museum, United States*
ttp://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za South Africa Journal of Military Studies
{{DEFAULTSORT:Military Production During World War II
Military equipment of World War II
Economic history of World War II
Military logistics of World War II