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A ''zhuz'' ( kz, ٴجۇز , Жүз, translit=Jüz, , also translated as " horde") is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
. It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the
Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also parts o ...
. *The Senior zhuz ( kk, ۇلى ٴجۇز, Ұлы Жүз, Ūly Jüz) covers territories of southern and southeastern
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
, northwestern
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(
Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...
) and parts of
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked cou ...
. *The Middle zhuz ( kk, ورتا ٴجۇز, Орта жүз, Orta Jüz) consists of six tribes, covering northern, central and eastern Kazakhstan. *The Junior zhuz ( kk, كىشى ٴجۇز, Кіші жүз, Kışı Jüz)) consists of three tribes, covering western Kazakhstan and western
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
(
Orenburg Oblast Orenburg Oblast (russian: Оренбургская область, ''Orenburgskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name ''Chkalov Oblast'' () ...
).


History

The earliest mention of the Kazakh ''zhuz'' or hordes dates to the 17th century. Velyaminov-Zernov (1919) believed that the division arose as a result of the capture of the important cities of
Tashkent Tashkent (, uz, Toshkent, Тошкент/, ) (from russian: Ташкент), or Toshkent (; ), also historically known as Chach is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. It is the most populous city in Central Asia, with a population of ...
, Yasi, and Sayram in 1598.Velyaminov-Zernov, "Russia, Mongolia, China in the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries". Vol II. Baddeley (1919, MacMillan, London). Reprint – Burt Franklin, New York. 1963 p. 59. Some researchers argued that the ''zhuz'' in origin corresponded to tribal, military alliances of steppe nomads that emerged around the mid-16th century after the disintegration of the
Kazakh Khanate The Kazakh Khanate ( kk, Қазақ Хандығы, , ), in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs, Ulus of Jochi, Yurt of Urus, was a Kazakh state in Central Asia, successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to 19th century, ...
. Yuri Zuev argued their territorial division comprises three ecological or topographic zones, the Senior ''zhuz'' of the southern and southeastern steppe being set apart from the two other zones by
Lake Balkhash Lake Balkhash ( kk, Балқаш көлі, ''Balqaş kóli'', ; russian: озеро Балхаш, ozero Balkhash) is a lake in southeastern Kazakhstan, one of the largest lakes in Asia and the 15th largest in the world. It is located in the ea ...
. According to some researchers, Kazakhs was separated in the first civil war in the Kazakh Khanate. Tribes that recognized Buidash Khan formed Senior zhuz. Tribes that recognized Togim Khan formed Middle zhuz. Tribes that recognized Akhmed Khan formed Junior zhuz. According to Kazakh legends, the three ''zhuz'' were the territorial inheritances of the three sons of the legendary founder-ancestor of the Kazakhs. In Kazakh language, ''jüz'' means either "union" or "hundred".


Senior zhuz

Historically, the Senior ''zhuz'' ( kz, Ұлы жүз, ''Uly jüz'', ۇلى ٴجۇز) inhabited the northern lands of the former Chagatai Ulus of the
Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, ...
, in the
Ili River The Ili ( ug, ئىلى دەرياسى, Ili deryasi, Ili dəryasi, 6=Или Дәряси; kk, Ile, ; russian: Или; zh, c=伊犁河, p=Yīlí Hé, dng, Йили хә, Xiao'erjing: اِلِ حْ; mn, Ил, literally "Bareness") is a river sit ...
and
Chu River The Chu (Shu or Chüy) ( kk, Шу, Shu, شۋ; ky, Чүй, Chüy, چۉي; dng, Чў, Chwu (from , ''Chǔ''); russian: Чу, Chu) is a river in Northern Kyrgyzstan and Southern Kazakhstan. Of its total length of ,Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
and China's
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture ( kk, Іле Қазақ автономиялық облысы) (also as Yili) is an autonomous prefecture for Kazakh people in Northern Xinjiang, China, one of five autonomous prefectures in Xinjiang. Yining City ...
(northern
Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...
). It was also called ''Üysin jüz''. The first record of the Senior zhuz dates to 1748, due to a
Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
is an umbrella term for different
emissary of the
Tsaritsa Tsarina or tsaritsa (also spelled ''csarina'' or ''csaricsa'', ''tzarina'' or ''tzaritza'', or ''czarina'' or ''czaricza''; bg, царица, tsaritsa; sr, / ; russian: царица, tsaritsa) is the title of a female autocratic ruler (mona ...
who had been sent to the steppe to negotiate the submission of
Abul Khair Khan Mirza Abū'l-Khair Mūhammed Khan bin Qājı Abdūllah Sultan ( kk, Мырза Әбілқайыр Мұхаммед хан бин Қажы Абдұллаh Сұлтан, , romanized: ''Myrza Äbılqaiyr Mūhammed Han bin Qajy Abdūllah Sūltan''), ...
in 1732. According to
Nikolai Aristov Nikolai Aleksandrovich Aristov (''Russian'' Николай Александрович Аристов,1847 – c. 1903) was a Türkologist by calling, who utilized his experience, education, and access to official information he had as a fairly ...
, the estimated population of the Senior ''zhuz'' was about 550,000 people in the second half of the 19th century. The territory was conquered by the
Kokand Khanate The Khanate of Kokand ( fa, ; ''Khānneshin-e Khoqand'', chg, ''Khoqand Khānligi'') was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyr ...
in the 1820s, and by the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
during the 1850s to 1860s. Kazakhstan's ruling elite, including former president
Nursultan Nazarbayev Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev ( kk, Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев, Nūrsūltan Äbişūlı Nazarbaev, ; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician and military officer who served as the first President of Kazakhstan, in off ...
, former First Secretary of the
Communist Party of Kazakhstan The Communist Party of Kazakhstan ( kk, Қазақстан Коммунистік партиясы, ''Qazaqstan Kommunistık Partiasy'', QKP; russian: Коммунистическая партия Казахстана) is a banned political pa ...
Dinmukhamed Konayev Dinmukhamed Akhmetuly "Dimash" Kunaev (also spelled Kunayev; kk, Дінмұхаммед (Димаш) Ахметұлы Қонаев, Dınmūhammed (Dimaş) Ahmetūly Qonaev, russian: Динмухаме́д Ахме́дович (Минлиахме ...
, as well as famous poet
Jambyl Jabayev Zhambyl Zhabaev ( kk, Жамбыл Жабайұлы; 28 February 1846 — 22 June 1945) was a Soviet and Kazakh traditional folksinger ( Kazakh: '' akyn''). Life According to a family legend, his mother, Uldan, gave birth to him near Mt. Zhambyl ...
are representatives of the Senior zhuz. There have been several attempts to determine the exact names and nature of top-level clans throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, different studies created vastly different names and population numbers for the steppe clans. Generally accepted names of the first order Senior zhuz tribes or clans are: *
Dulat The Dughlat clan ( kk, Дулат, Dulat, lit=ruthless or fierce warrior; Mongolian: '' Dolood/sevens, Doloo/seven; Middle Mongolian: Doluga, Dolugad''; Dulğat; ) was a Mongol (later Turko-Mongol) clan that served the Chagatai khans as hereditary ...
( kz, Дулат, ''Dulat'', دۋلات) ** Janys ( kz, Жаныс,, ''Janıs'', جانىس) ** Siyqym ( kz, Сиқым, ''Siqım'', سىيقىم) ** Botbay ( kz, Ботбай, ''Botbay'', بوتباي) ** Shymyr ( kz, Шымыр, ''Şymyr'', شىمىر) *
Jalayir Jalair ( mn, Жалайр; ; ), also Djalair, Yyalair, Jalayir, is one of the Darliqin Mongol tribes according to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's ''Jami' al-tawarikh''. They lived along the Shilka River in modern Zabaykalsky Krai of Russia.History of Mo ...
( kz, Жалайыр, ''Jalayır'', جالايىر) *
Qangly The Kangly (康曷利; pinyin: Kānghélì; Middle Chinese ( ZS): /kʰɑŋ-ɦɑt̚-liɪH/ or 康里 pinyin: ''Kānglĭ'' < MC-ZS: /kʰɑŋ-lɨX/; Tole Biy (1750-1756) * Abylai Khan (1756-1771) * Abilpeyiz Khan (1771-1774) * Adil Khan (1774-1781) * Kasym Khan II (1806-1809) * Tokay Khan (1809-1826)


Middle zhuz

The Middle zhuz ( kz, Орта Жүз, ''Orta Jüz'', ورتا ٴجۇز, also known as ''Arğın Jüz'' рғын Жүз, occupies the eastern lands of the former
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fr ...
, in central, northern and eastern Kazakhstan. Some of Kazakhstan's famous poets and intellectuals were born in the Middle zhuz territories, including
Abay Qunanbayuli Ibrahim (Abai) Qunanbaiuly ( kk, Абай Құнанбайұлы, ; russian: Абай Кунанбаев; ) was a Kazakh poet, composer and Hanafi Maturidi theologian philosopher. He was also a cultural reformer toward European and Russian cultu ...
, Akhmet Baytursinuli,
Shokan Walikhanuli Shokan Shyngysuly Valikhanov ( kk, Шоқан Шыңғысұлы Уәлихан, russian: Чокан Чингисович Валиханов), given name Mukhammed Kanafiya ( kk, Мұхаммед Қанафия)Shoqan, his pen-name, later becam ...
and Alikhan Bokeikhanov. The Middle zhuz consists of the following tribes: *
Argyn The Argyn ( kz, Арғын) tribe (or clan) is a constituent of the Kazakh ethnicity. The Argyn are a component, of the ''Orta jüz'' (Орта жүз; "Middle Horde" or "Middle Hundred"). Kazakhs historically consisted of three tribal federati ...
( kk, Арғын, ''Arğın'', ارعىن) *
Kerei Kerei is a Kazakh tribe that originated in the Altay region and fled into modern-day Kazakhstan in the early 13th century after being defeated by Genghis Khan. See also * Qarai Turks * Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , ...
( kk, Керей, ''Kerey'', كەرەي) * Naiman ( kk, Найман, ''Nayman'', نايمان) *
Khongirad The Khongirad ( Mongolian: ᠬᠣᠩᠭᠢᠷᠠᠳ; Хонгирад; Khonghirad; ), also known as Qongirat (Qoŋğırat/Қоңғырат), was one of the major divisions of the Mongol tribes. Variations on the name include Onggirat, Ongirat, Q ...
( kk, Қоңырат, ''Qoŋırat'', قوڭىرات) * Qypchak ( kk, Қыпшақ, ''Qıpşaq'', قىپشاق) *Taraqty kk, Тарақты, ''Taraqtı'', تاراقتى) *Uwaq ( kk, Уақ, ''Uwaq'', ۋاق)


Junior zhuz

The Junior or Lesser zhuz ( kz, Кіші Жүз, ''Kişi Jüz'', كىشى ٴجۇز, also known as ''Alşın Jüz'') occupied the lands of the former
Nogai Khanate The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds cons ...
in Western Kazakhstan. They originate from the
Nogais The Nogais ( Nogai: Ногай, , Ногайлар, ) are a Turkic ethnic group who live in the North Caucasus region. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia and Astrakhan Oblast; some als ...
of the
Nogai Horde The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds cons ...
, which once was placed in Western Kazakhstan, but in the 16th century it was defeated by the Kazakhs and the Russians and
Nogais The Nogais ( Nogai: Ногай, , Ногайлар, ) are a Turkic ethnic group who live in the North Caucasus region. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia and Astrakhan Oblast; some als ...
retreated to the Western part of their khanate, to the
Kuban River The Kuban; Circassian: Псыжъ, ''Psyẑ'' or Псыжь, ''Psyź'' ; abq, Къвбина, ''Q̇vbina'' ; Karachay–Balkar: Къобан, ''Qoban''; Nogai: Кобан, ''Qoban'') is a river in Russia that flows through the Western Caucas ...
steppes. In the 18th century, they endangered inner Russian cities, so the Russian Empire allied the Mongolic
Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...
to supplant Alshyns back to the
Urals The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through European ...
. There they formed the Lesser zhuz. During Kazakh-Kalymk struggles,
Khiva Khanate The Khanate of Khiva ( chg, ''Khivâ Khânligi'', fa, ''Khânât-e Khiveh'', uz, Xiva xonligi, tk, Hywa hanlygy) was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm in Central Asia from 1511 to 1920, except for ...
annexed
Mangyshlak Peninsula Mangyshlak or Mangghyshlaq Peninsula ( kk, Маңғыстау түбегі, translit=Mañğystau tübegı; russian: Полуостров Мангышла́к, translit=Poluostrov Mangyshlák) is a large peninsula located in western Kazakhstan. It ...
for repelling Kalmyk raids and managed it for two centuries before Russian conquest. At the beginning of the 19th century, Kazakhs shifted some to the west, to
Astrakhan Governorate The Astrakhan Governorate () was an Imperial, Republican, and Soviet Russian administrative division (), which existed from 1717 – 1929. Created from separating the southwestern part of the Kazan Governorate, by Peter I's Reform in 1717. And ...
, forming
Bukey Horde The Bukey Horde ( kk, , Бөкей Ордасы, ; russian: Букеевская Орда, ), also known as the Inner Horde or Interior Horde was an autonomous Khanate of Kazakhs located north of the Caspian Sea in between the Ural and Volga River ...
there. As the
Kazakh SSR ; kk, Қазақ Советтік Социалистік Республикасы) *1991: Republic of Kazakhstan (russian: Республика Казахстан; kk, Қазақстан Республикасы) , linking_name = the ...
was formed with
Bukey Horde The Bukey Horde ( kk, , Бөкей Ордасы, ; russian: Букеевская Орда, ), also known as the Inner Horde or Interior Horde was an autonomous Khanate of Kazakhs located north of the Caspian Sea in between the Ural and Volga River ...
as the most remoted its western part, situated geographically in
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
. Historical leaders of Kazakh resistance against the Russian Empire associated with the Junior zhuz include Isatay Taymanuly ( kk, Isatai Taimanūly, 1791–1838) and
Makhambet Otemisuly Makhambet Otemisuly ( kk, Махамбет Өтемісұлы, ''Mahambet Ötemısūly''; russian: Махамбет Утемисов; 1804 – October 20, 1846) was a Kazakhs, Kazakh poet and political figure. He is best known for his activity as ...
( kk, Mahambet Ötemisuly, 1803/4–1846). The Junior zhuz consisted of three groups, subdivided into clans: *Baiuly ( kk, Байұлы, ''Bayūlı'', بايۇلى) ** Adai ( kz, Адай, ''Aday'', اداي) ** Alasha ( kz, Алаша, ''Alaşa'', الاشا) ** Baibaqty ( kz, Байбақты, ''Baybaqtı'', بايباقتى) ** Berish ( kz, Беріш, ''Beriş'', ء بەرىش) ** Jappas ( kz, Жаппас, ''Jappas'', جاپپاس) ** Masqar ( kz, Масқар, ''Masqar'', ماسقار) ** Taz ( kz, Таз, ''Taz'', تاز) ** Tana ( kz, Тана, ''Tana'', تانا) ** Esentemir ( kz, Есентемір, ''Esentemir'', ء ەسەنتەمىر) ** Ysyq ( kz, Ысық, ''Isıq'', ىسىق) ** Qyzylqurt ( kz, Қызылқұрт, ''Qyzylqūrt'', قىزىلقۇرت) ** Sherkesh ( kz, Шеркеш, ''Şerkeş'', شەركەش) *Alimuly ( kk, Әлімұлы, ''Älimūly'', ء الىمۇلى) ** Qarakesek ( kz, Қаракесек, ''Qarakesek'', قاراكەسەك) ** Qarasaqal ( kz, Қарасақал, ''Qarasaqal'', قاراساقال) ** Tortqara ( kz, Төртқара, ''Törtqara'', ء تورتقارا) ** Kete ( kz, Кете, ''Kete'', كەتە) ** Shomekei ( kz, Шөмекей, ''Şömekey'', ء شومەكەي) ** Shekti ( kz, Шекті, ''Şekti'', ء شەكتى) *Jetyru ( kk, Жетіру, ''Jetiru'', ء جەتىرۋ) ** Tabyn ( kz, Табын, ''Tabın'', تابىن) ** Tama ( kz, Тама, ''Tama'', تاما) ** Kerderi ( kz, Кердері, ''Kerderi'', ء كەردەرى) ** Kerey ( kz, Керейіт, ''Kereit'', كەرەيت) ** Zhagalbaily ( kz, Жағалбайлы, ''Jağalbaylı'', جاعالبايلى) ** Telew ( kz, Телеу, ''Telew'', تەلەۋ) ** Ramadan ( kz, Рамадан, ''Ramadan'', رامادان)


Family in zhuzes

In zhuzes, a clear purpose of each son in the family is determined. According to the customs and traditions of the Kazakhs, different people were engaged in the upbringing of each son. * The eldest son went to be raised by his grandparents. * The youngest son stayed with his parents and subsequently pledged to help the whole family. * The middle son became a warrior. He was trained in swordsmanship, archery, etc. Knowledge of one's genealogical tree is the duty of each member of the zhuz. Any relative who comes for help (even the most distant one) will definitely receive it.


See also

*
Kazakh Khanate The Kazakh Khanate ( kk, Қазақ Хандығы, , ), in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs, Ulus of Jochi, Yurt of Urus, was a Kazakh state in Central Asia, successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to 19th century, ...
*
Zhetysu Zhetysu, or Jeti-Suu ( kk, , Жетісу, pronounced ; ky, ''Jeti-Suu'', (), meaning "seven rivers"; also transcribed ''Zhetisu'', ''Jetisuw'', ''Jetysu'', ''Jeti-su'', ''Jity-su'', ''Жетысу'',, National Geospatial-Intelligence Age ...
*
Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is a multiethnic country where the indigenous ethnic group, the Kazakhs, comprise the majority of the population. As of 2021, ethnic Kazakhs are about 70% of the population and ethnic Russians in Kazakhstan are about 16%. These are the ...
*
List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans The qualifier Mongol tribes was established as an umbrella term in the early 13th century, when Temüjin (later Genghis Khan) united the different tribes under his control and established the Mongol Empire. There were 19 Nirun tribes (marked (N) ...
* Orda (structure)


References


Literature

*Svat Soucek, "A History of Inner Asia". Cambridge University Press (2000). . *W. W. Bartold, Four studies in history of Central Asia, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962. *Ilkhamov Alisher et al., "Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan", Uzbekistan, "Open Society Foundation", 2002, p. 176, *Isin A., "Kazakh khanate and Nogai Horde in the second half of the 15th - 16th centuries", Semipalatinsk, Tengri, 2002, p. 22, * S. Qudayberdiuli. "Family tree of Turks, Kirgizes, Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties", Alma-Ata, Dastan, 1990 * S. Kudayberdy-Uly, Family tree of Türks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties, Alma-Ata, Dastan, 1990 *M. Tynyshbaev, 'The Uysyn', in Materials on the history of the Kazakh people, Tashkent 1925 *Yu.A. Zuev, "Ethnic History of the Usuns", Works of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, History, Archeology And Ethnography Institute, Alma-Ata, Vol. 8, 1960. * А. Т. Толеубаев, Ж. К. Касымбаев, М. К. Койгелдиниев, Е. Т. Калиева, Т. Т. Далаева, перевод с казахского языка С. Бакенова, Ф. Сугирбаева. — История Казахстана. Изд-во «Мектеп», 2006 г. — 240 с


External links


Genealogy of the Kazakhs
{{Kazakhstan topics History of Kazakhstan Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan