![Grognard1813](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Grognard1813.jpg)
The Imperial Guard (French: ''Garde Impériale'') was originally a small group of
elite soldiers of the
French Army
The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (french: Armée de Terre, ), is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed For ...
under the direct command of
Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
, but grew considerably over time. It acted as his bodyguard and tactical reserve, and he was careful of its use in battle. The Guard was divided into the staff, infantry, cavalry, and artillery regiments, as well as battalions of sappers and marines. The guard itself as a whole distinguished between the experienced veterans and less experienced members by being separated into three sections: the
Old Guard, Middle Guard and Young Guard.
History
![Cannon and Imperial Guard statue](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Cannon_and_Imperial_Guard_statue.JPG)
The Guard had its origin in the
Consular Guard
The Imperial Guard (French: ''Garde Impériale'') was originally a small group of elite soldiers of the French Army under the direct command of Napoleon I, but grew considerably over time. It acted as his bodyguard and tactical reserve, and he ...
(''Garde des consuls''), created November 28, 1799, by the union of the Guard of the
Directory
Directory may refer to:
* Directory (computing), or folder, a file system structure in which to store computer files
* Directory (OpenVMS command)
* Directory service, a software application for organizing information about a computer network's u ...
(''Garde du Directoire exécutif'') and the
Grenadiers
A grenadier ( , ; derived from the word ''grenade'') was originally a specialist soldier who threw hand grenades in battle. The distinct combat function of the grenadier was established in the mid-17th century, when grenadiers were recruited from ...
of the
Legislature
A legislature is an assembly with the authority to make law
Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its p ...
(''Grenadiers près de la Représentation nationale''). These formations had for principal purpose the security of the executive and legislative branches of the
French Republic
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
and gathered a small number of soldiers, about a thousand. One may question their utility, as they did not oppose Napoleon's
18 Brumaire
The Coup d'état of 18 Brumaire brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France. In the view of most historians, it ended the French Revolution and led to the Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor. This bloodless ''coup d'état'' overt ...
coup of 1799. The Consular Guard changed its name to the Imperial Guard on May 18, 1804. Its headquarters were located at the
Pentemont Abbey
Pentemont Abbey (french: Abbaye de Penthemont, ''Pentemont'', ''Panthemont'' or ''Pantemont'') is a set of 18th and 19th century buildings at the corner of Rue de Grenelle and Rue de Bellechasse in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. The abbey was ...
in Paris.
![Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png)
Napoleon took great care of his Guard, particularly the Old Guard. The Grenadiers of the Old Guard were known to complain in the presence of the Emperor, giving them the nickname ''Les Grognards'', the Grumblers. The Guard received better pay, rations, quarters, and equipment, and all guardsmen ranked one grade higher than all non-Imperial Guard soldiers. Other French soldiers even referred to Napoleon's Imperial Guard as "the
Immortals
Immortality is the ability to live forever, or eternal life.
Immortal or Immortality may also refer to:
Film
* ''The Immortals'' (1995 film), an American crime film
* ''Immortality'', an alternate title for the 1998 British film '' The Wisdom of ...
".
The Guard played a major part in the climax of the
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo, Belgium, Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium). A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armie ...
. It was thrown into the battle at the last minute to salvage a victory for Napoleon. Completely outnumbered, it faced terrible fire from the British lines, and began to retreat. For the first (and only) time in its history the Middle Guard retreated without orders. At the sight of this, Napoleon's army lost all hope of victory. The Middle Guard broke completely but the Old Guard (and some of the Young Guard) battalions held their formation and secured the retreat of the remainder of the French Army before being almost annihilated by British and Prussian artillery fire and cavalry charges.
The phrase "''La Garde meurt mais ne se rend pas!'' ("The Guard dies but does not surrender!") is generally attributed to General
Pierre Cambronne
Pierre Jacques Étienne Cambronne, later Pierre, 1st Viscount Cambronne (26 December 1770 – 29 January 1842), was a general of the First French Empire. A main strategist of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars, he was wounded at the ...
. It has been suggested that this was in fact said by another general of the Guard,
Claude-Etienne Michel, during their
last stand
A last stand is a military situation in which a body of troops holds a defensive position in the face of overwhelming and virtually insurmountable odds. Troops may make a last stand due to a sense of duty; because they are defending a tactic ...
at the Battle of Waterloo. The retort to a request to surrender may have been "''La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas!'' ("The Guard dies, it does not surrender!"). Letters published in ''
The Times
''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' (fou ...
'' in June 1932 record that it may have been said by General Michel.
![Napoleon-imperial-guard](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Napoleon-imperial-guard.png)
The Old Guard regiments were assigned to the Guard's 3rd Division, while the remainder of the Guard's foot regiments were assigned to the 1st and 2nd Divisions.
Numbers
In 1804 the Guard numbered 8,000 men. By the time of
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, the Army of Twenty nations, and the Patriotic War of 1812 was launched by Napoleon Bonaparte to force the Russian Empire back into the continental block ...
in 1812, it had swelled to just under 100,000 men. The Guard had its own artillery, infantry and cavalry components just like a normal army corps. The Old Guard was the elite within the wider Imperial Guard.
General Staff of the Imperial Guard
![Boucle-off-inf-garde-imperiale-IMG 0393](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Boucle-off-inf-garde-imperiale-IMG_0393.JPG)
Created soon after the creation of the Guard itself, the General Staff by 1806 included the four Colonel-Generals of the four divisions of the Guard, all
Marshals of France
Marshal of France (french: Maréchal de France, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1 ...
in field rank. It also included an Inspector of Reviews, a Commissioner of War, 24 aides-de-camp, and other specialist officers, NCOs, and privates.
Foot regiments
The Old Guard regiments served in the 3rd Division of the Guard, while the rest of the foot regiments of the Guard served in the 1st and 2nd Divisions.
Grenadiers
1st Regiment of Foot Grenadiers
The Old Guard regiments were allocated to the Guard's 3rd Division, while the remainder of the Guard's foot regiments were assigned to the 1st and 2nd Divisions.
The 1st Regiment of Foot Grenadiers (1er Régiment de Grenadiers-à-Pied de la Garde Impériale) was founded from the Consular Guard Grenadiers (Gardes des Consuls), which had been formed from the Guards of the Directory. The battalion was made up of the Imperial French Army's most experienced and tallest men. One of two Imperial Guard battalions carried the Imperial Eagle into battle.
After Napoleon's failure in the Invasion of Russia, only a few troops from the initial force remained, and the army had to be rebuilt using Peninsular War veterans.
2nd Regiment of Foot Grenadiers
Raised in 1806 from veterans of the
Grande Armée
''La Grande Armée'' (; ) was the main military component of the French Imperial Army commanded by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars. From 1804 to 1808, it won a series of military victories that allowed the French Empi ...
, the ''2
e Régiment de Grenadiers-à-Pied de la Garde Impériale'' was a unit within the Middle Guard of Napoléon's Imperial Guard. This particular unit was disbanded in 1810 and was replaced by the so called ''Dutch Grenadiers'' until in 1811, upon the upcoming
Invasion of Russia, the 2nd Regiment of Foot Grenadiers was reraised with 1,500 veteran soldiers. By 1813, the unit was designated to join the
Old Guard as a reward of their long service in both Spain and Russia.
3rd Regiment of Foot Grenadiers
![Napoleon Holland Guard by Bellange](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Napoleon_Holland_Guard_by_Bellange.jpg)
Originally raised as part of the Dutch Royal Guard when
Louis Bonaparte
Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (born Luigi Buonaparte; 2 September 1778 – 25 July 1846) was a younger brother of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French. He was a monarch in his own right from 1806 to 1810, ruling over the Kingdom of Holland (a French cl ...
, brother to Napoleon, was made King of
Holland
Holland is a geographical regionG. Geerts & H. Heestermans, 1981, ''Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal. Deel I'', Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht, p 1105 and former province on the western coast of the Netherlands. From the 10th to the 16th c ...
. In 1810 the unit was incorporated into the Imperial Guard within the Middle Guard as the 2nd Regiment of Foot Grenadiers (''2
e Régiment de Grenadiers-à-Pied de la Garde Imperiale''). It was disbanded 15 February 1813 after certain issues with staff and personnel, however was re-raised on 8 April 1815 to the replace the Fusilier-Grenadiers de la Garde Impériale. It was finally disbanded on 24 September 1815 after
Napoléon's Second Abdication.
4th Regiment of Foot Grenadiers
The ''4
e Régiment de Grenadiers-à-Pied de la Garde Impériale'' was the last grenadier guard regiment to be raised. Created on 9 May 1815, it saw action in Ligny and Waterloo. It was disbanded on 24 September 1815.
Chasseurs
1st Regiment of Foot Chasseurs
![Napoleon Guard Chasseurs by Bellange](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Napoleon_Guard_Chasseurs_by_Bellange.jpg)
Being the second in seniority within the Imperial Guard Infantry, the ''1
er Régiment de Chasseurs-à-Pied de la Garde Impériale'' was one of the most venerated of regiments within Grande Armée; classed as part of the Old Guard.
2nd Regiment of Foot Chasseurs
![Scène de bataille Chasseurs de la Garde](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Sc%C3%A8ne_de_bataille_Chasseurs_de_la_Garde.PNG)
Raised in 1806, the ''2
e Régiment de Chasseurs-à-Pied de la Garde Impériale'' was disbanded in 1809 and re-raised in 1811 for the Invasion of Russia. As part of the Middle Guard, they engaged in numerous battles and by 1813 they were finally raised to be part of the Old Guard.
3rd Regiment of Foot Chasseurs
The ''3
e Régiment de Chasseurs-à-Pied de la Garde Impériale'' briefly existed during the 100 days campaign after Napoleon's escape from Elba.
4th Regiment of Foot Chasseurs
The ''4
e Régiment de Chasseurs-à-Pied de la Garde Impériale'' was also raised during the 100 days campaign after Napoleon's escape from Elba.
Middle Guard
Fusiliers-Grenadiers
The Fusiliers-Grenadiers were the second regiment of Fusiliers created on December 15, 1806, from the 1st battalions of the Grenadier and Chasseur Vélites, forming a regiment that was to be 1,800 men strong. Conscripts and men from the Compagnies de Reserve brought the new regiment up to four battalions of four companies each, 120 men per company. They were disbanded on May 12, 1814.
Fusiliers-Chasseurs
The Fusiliers-Chasseurs were created on October 19, 1806, from the 1st battalions of the Vélites of the Grenadiers and Chasseurs of the Guard; the regiment was to be 1,200 men strong. Men of the Compagnies de Reserve were added to bring the regiment up to four battalions of four companies each, 120 men to a company. In 1813 each battalion was enlarged by two more companies. They were killed on May 12, 1814.
Young Guard
Tirailleurs-Grenadiers
The first regiment to become known as the Young Guard, Tirailleurs Grenadiers (''1
er Régiment de Tirailleurs de la Garde Impériale'') were raised in 1809 from conscripts, but they had to be able to read and write. A second regiment was formed later in the same year. In 1810 both were renamed ''1e & 2
e Regiments de Tirailleurs de la Garde Impériale''.
Tirailleurs-Chasseurs
Two regiments of Tirailleurs-Chasseurs were formed at the same time as the Tirailleurs-Grenadiers, and were also included in the Young Guard. For the 1812 Campaign in Russia these were expanded to six regiments. Both became ''5e & 6
e Regiments de Tirailleurs de la Garde Impériale'' in 1811.
During the 1813–14 campaigns the number of ''Regiments de Tirailleurs de la Garde Impériale'' was increased to sixteen although they rarely equaled the regiments of the Young Guard of 1811.
The 7th, 8th and 9th were recruited from the '
Pupilles de la Garde', childsoldiers who were to become Napoleon's son's guard and who stayed in France during the
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, the Army of Twenty nations, and the Patriotic War of 1812 was launched by Napoleon Bonaparte to force the Russian Empire back into the continental block ...
.
Voltigeurs of the Guard
Created from the Tirailleurs-Chasseurs in late 1810, the ''Regiments de Voltigeurs de la Garde Impériale'' became one of the largest corps in the Guard, eventually absorbing the ''Regiments de Conscrits-Chasseurs'' to number sixteen regiments by 1814. The ''14
e Régiment de Voltigeurs de la Garde Impériale'' was created from the Spanish volunteers that retreated with the French Army, and the ''Régiment de Voltigeurs de la Garde Royale Espagnol''.
Conscripts-Grenadiers
Created in 1809, the two Conscripts-Grenadiers Regiments (''Régiment de Conscrit-Grenadiers''), though intended to provide a reserve for the Young Guard, were not included in the Guard, receiving line infantry pay. The regiments became ''3e & 4e Régiment de Tirailleurs de la Garde Impériale'' in 1810.
Conscripts-Chasseurs
Created in 1809, the Conscripts Chasseurs Regiment though intended to provide a reserve for the Young Guard, was not included in the guard, receiving Line Infantry pay. After 1811, the Conscrits-Chasseurs formed the 3rd and 4th regiments of the Voltigeurs of the Guard.
National Guard Regiment of the Guard
This regiment was created from the National Guard companies of the Northern Departments of France. The regiment was organized according to the line infantry tables, and in 1813 was renamed the 7th Regiment of Voltigeurs.
Flanqueur Grenadiers and Chasseurs
In preparation for the invasion of Russia, Napoleon ordered a further creation of units for the Guard that included ''Régiment de Flanqueurs-Grenadiers de la Garde Impériale'' and Flanqueur-Chasseurs Regiment (''Régiment de Flanqueurs-Chasseurs de la Garde Impériale'').
File:Granatiere a Piedi della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Grenadier
File:Cacciatore a Piedi della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Foot Chasseur
File:Fuciliere-Granatiere della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Fusilier Grenadiers
File:Marinaio della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Marines of the Guard
File:Tiragliatore della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Tirailleurs Grenadiers
File:Volteggiatore della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Voltigeurs of the Guard
File:Artigliere della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Foot Artillery
File:Zappatore-minatore della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Sapeurs de la Garde
Cavalry regiments
![Guard Grenadier at Eylau](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Guard_Grenadier_at_Eylau.jpg)
The Imperial Guard cavalry constituted a corps in itself and had its own commander, with seasoned cavalrymen like Marshal
Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Jean-Baptiste Bessières (; 6 August 1768 – 1 May 1813), 1st Duke of Istria (''Duc d'Istrie''), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. His younge ...
and generals
Frédéric Henri Walther
Frédéric-Louis-Henri Walther (20 June 1761 – 24 November 1813), was a French general of division and a supporter of Napoleon Bonaparte. He fought in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.
He enlisted in 1781 and, in his 30-year career, he s ...
or
Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty
Étienne-Marie-Antoine Champion, comte de Nansouty (; 30 May 1768 – 12 February 1815) was a French cavalry commander during the French Revolutionary Wars who rose to the rank of General of Division in 1803 and subsequently held important mili ...
successively at its helm.
Augustin Daniel Belliard
Augustin Daniel Belliard, comte Belliard et de l'Empire (25 May 1769 in Fontenay-le-Comte, Vendée – 28 January 1832 in Brussels) was a French general.
Biography
Revolution
Belliard became an officer between 1792 and 1793 under Dumouriez i ...
was also interim commander for a few days in 1814, before giving command to
Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta
Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta ( co, Oraziu Francescu Bastianu Sebastiani di A Porta; 11 November 1771 – 20 July 1851) was a French general, diplomat, and politician, who served as Naval Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs ...
, who held it for a short while, until
Napoleon's abdication in April 1814. During the
Hundred Days
The Hundred Days (french: les Cent-Jours ), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration ...
, there was no overall commander of the Guard cavalry, with command divided between
Charles, comte Lefebvre-Desnouettes
Charles, comte Lefebvre-Desnouettes or Lefèbvre-Desnoëttes (14 September 1773, in Paris – 22 April 1822) became a French officer during the French Revolutionary Wars and a general during the Napoleonic Wars. He later emigrated to the United ...
(light cavalry division) and
Claude-Étienne Guyot
Claude-Étienne Guyot, count of the Empire, (1768–1837) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars, noted for commanding cavalry.Fierro, Palluel-Guillard, Tulard, p. 824.
Early career during the Revolutionary Wa ...
(heavy cavalry division).
Horse Grenadiers
The Horse Grenadiers was the senior cavalry regiment of the Guard, and originated from the Consular Guard. Classed as heavy cavalry, the regiment did not wear a cuirass, but was known for its distinctive bearskin head-dress and black horses. It was known by the nickname of "the Gods"; also as "the Big Heels".
Chasseurs à Cheval
![An Officer of the Imperial Horse Guards Charging](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/An_Officer_of_the_Imperial_Horse_Guards_Charging.jpg)
The Regiment of Chasseurs a Cheval (''1
er Régiment de Chasseurs-a-Cheval de la Garde Impériale'') was also created from the Consular Guard, and ranked second in seniority, although it was a light cavalry regiment. It was the Chasseurs that usually provided personal escort to Napoleon, and he often wore the uniform of the regiment in recognition of this service. The regiment was not only known for its lavish uniform, but its combat history, as well. A second regiment (''2
e Régiment de Chasseurs-a-Cheval de la Garde Impériale'') was created briefly from ''Regiment d'Eclaireurs Lanciers'' in 1815.
Empress' Dragoons
![Napoleon Empress dragoon by Bellange](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Napoleon_Empress_dragoon_by_Bellange.jpg)
The dragoon regiments of the line distinguished themselves in the German Campaign of 1805, and so Napoleon decided (in a decree of April 15, 1806) to reorganize the cavalry of the Guard and create within it a regiment of dragoons (''Régiment de Dragons de la Garde Impériale''), made up of three squadrons, headed by 60 officers personally selected by Napoleon. The first squadron was to have 296 men, and be made up of "vélites", whilst the other two were regular squadrons of 476 horsemen. To complete this new unit, each of the 30 dragoon regiments of the line provided 12 men, each of whom had done 10 years of service, and the brigadier, chasseur, and dragoon line regiments provided the ''sous-officiers''. This regiment quickly became known as the ''Régiment de dragons de l'Impératrice'' (the Empress' Dragoons) in tribute to their patroness,
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Josephine may refer to:
People
* Josephine (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name)
* Josephine (singer), a Greek pop singer
Places
*Josephine, Texas, United States
*Mount Josephine (disambiguation)
* Josephine Count ...
, and up until its last member died, the Regiment marked the anniversary of her death.
The unit's numbers rose to 1269 in 1807 with the addition of two new squadrons, and on December 9, 1813, it was attached to the Guard's 3rd regiment of éclaireurs. The dragoons' uniform and weaponry was the same as those of the Guard's mounted grenadiers, only in green rather than blue, and (in place of the bonnet à poil) a copper helmet with a hanging mane in the Neo-Greek ''Minerve'' style, and a red plume.
Éclaireurs
In the Russian campaign of 1812, the French Army had suffered badly from attacks by the Russian
Cossack
The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...
cavalry. About to fight on French soil for the first time since the
French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted French First Republic, France against Ki ...
, Napoleon decided to reorganize the Imperial Guard. In Article 1 of a decree of December 4, 1813, he created three regiments of ''Éclaireurs à Cheval de la Garde Impériale'' (mounted scouts of the Guard) as counterparts to the Cossacks. They were also known as ''Hussards Éclaireurs'' within the Guard.
They joined the army on January 1, 1814, just in time to participate in the
Six Days Campaign
The Six Days Campaign (10–15 February 1814) was a final series of victories by the forces of Napoleon I of France as the Sixth Coalition closed in on Paris.
The Six Days Campaign was fought from 10 February to 15 February during which time ...
, and were disbanded after Napoleon's first abdication.
The ''1
er Regiment d'Éclaireurs à Cheval'' was attached to the ''Grenadiers à Cheval'', and was thus named the regiment of ''Éclaireurs-grenadiers''.
The ''2
e Regiment d'Eclaireurs à Cheval'' was attached to the ''Dragons de L'Imperatrice'' (Empress' Dragoons).
The ''3
e Regiment d'Eclaireurs à Cheval'' was attached to the ''1
er Régiment de Chevau-Legers-Lanciers''.
1st (Polish) Regiment of Lancers
![Szwolezer](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Szwolezer.JPG)
The regiment called the ''Régiment de Chevau-Légers Polonais de la Garde'' was created in 1807 after the 1806 defeat of the Allies, and the French occupation of
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
. In 1811, with the raising of the Dutch Lancers of the Guard, the regiment was renamed ''1
er Régiment de Chevau-Legers-Lanciers de la Garde Impériale''.
2nd (Franco-Dutch) Regiment of Lancers
Raised in 1810 from former Dutch Army cavalry units as the ''
2e Régiment de chevau-légers lanciers de la Garde Impériale'', the regiment became known as the Red Lancers from their uniform.
3rd (Lithuanian) Regiment of Lancers
The regiment of Lithuanian Lancers was raised as the ''3
e Régiment de Chevau-Légers-Lanciers de la Garde Impériale'' in
Lithuania
Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...
during the invasion of Russia in 1812, largely from the Lithuanian population in Poland, but was virtually destroyed in the retreat of the same year, and the survivors incorporated into ''3
e Régiment de Eclaireurs''. Incorporated into the regiment was a squadron of
Lithuanian Tatars
The Lipka Tatars (Lipka – refers to '' Lithuania'', also known as Lithuanian Tatars; later also – Polish Tatars, Polish-Lithuanian Tatars, ''Lipkowie'', ''Lipcani'', ''Muślimi'', ''Lietuvos totoriai'') are a Turkic ethnic group who origi ...
as the ''Escadron de Lithuanian Tartares''.
Mamelukes
![Mamelouks au défilé](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Mamelouks_au_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9.JPG)
A squadron of Mamelukes (''Escadron de Mamalukes'') returned with Napoleon from the
Egyptian Campaign
The French campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, proclaimed to defend French trade interests, to establish scientific enterprise in the region. It was the pr ...
in 1799. They were inducted into the Guard, and usually attached to the ''Chasseurs à Cheval''. The squadron was never increased to a regiment in strength. Over the years their casualties were replaced from French cavalry regiments, or from any vaguely Middle Eastern related nationalities.
Elite Gendarmes
Although technically classed as cavalry of the Guard, ''Legion de Gendarmerie d'Elite'' troops invariably served in detachments with the General Staff of the Guard, Napoleon's personal headquarters, and the Guard field camps. The Legion included mounted and dismounted troops, the mounted component being two squadrons.
Guards of Honour
The Guards of Honour (''Régiment de Garde d'Honneur'') were four regiments of light cavalry which Napoleon created in 1813 for his campaigns in Germany to reinforce his Guard cavalry decimated in Russia. The regiments were dressed in the fashion of the hussars. They served alongside the other Guard cavalry, but were not technically part of the Old, Middle or Young Guard.
File:Granatiere a cavallo della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel bis.jpg, Horse Grenadiers
File:Artigliere a cavallo della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Horse Artillery
File:Cacciatore e a cavallo della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Chasseurs a Cheval
File:Gendarme a cavallo della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Elite Gendarmes
File:Lanciere a cavallo della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Lancers
File:Mamelucco a cavallo della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Mamelukes
File:Dragone a cavallo della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Empress's Dragoons
File:Esploratore a cavallo della Vecchia Guardia Adolphe de Chesnel.jpg, Éclaireurs
Artillery of the Guard
![Sabre-IMG 4705-black](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Sabre-IMG_4705-black.jpg)
Artillery of the Guard included the Foot Artillery Regiment (''Régiment d'Artillerie à Pied de la Garde Impériale'') batteries, Horse Artillery Regiment (''Regiment d'Artillerie à Cheval de la Garde Impériale'') batteries, the Artillery Train of the Guard (''Train d'Artillerie de la Garde Consulaire'')
[two regiments in 1813] and the Artillery Park of the Guard (''Parc d'Artillerie de la Garde Impériale''), the latter two created in 1807. Despite shortages in artillery
ordnance
Ordnance may refer to:
Military and defense
*Materiel in military logistics, including weapons, ammunition, vehicles, and maintenance tools and equipment.
**The military branch responsible for supplying and developing these items, e.g., the Unit ...
, in 1813 Napoleon created the ''Régiment d'Artillerie à Pied de la Garde Impériale'' of the Young Guard (''Jeune Garde''). The ''Parc du materiel de la Garde Impériale'' was created in 1813 to supplement the meager resources of the ''Bataillon du Train des équipages militaires'' after the losses of the 1812 campaign.
Engineers of the Guard
Although not deployed in combat as a unit, the Engineers (''Genie de la Garde Impériale'') created in 1804 as the engineers of the Consular Guard, participated in combat more so than the combat units of the Guard which were usually held in reserve. By 1810 the Chief Engineer officer of the Guard had a company of ''Sapeurs de la Garde'' (140 sappers), all members of the Old Guard. In 1813 this was increased to two companies, and later one battalion of four companies totaling 400 sappers. The 1st and 2nd companies were classed as Old Guard, while the 3rd and 4th companies as the Young Guard.
Sailors of the Guard
Raised from sailors of the French navy who had distinguished themselves, the battalion of ''Marins'' wore a distinctive, elaborate uniform resembling that of the
hussar
A hussar ( , ; hu, huszár, pl, husarz, sh, husar / ) was a member of a class of light cavalry, originating in Central Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The title and distinctive dress of these horsemen were subsequently widely ...
s. Their officers bore titles of rank derived from their seagoing compatriots, and the overall commander of the marines bore the rank of ''Capitaine de Vaisseau''. Their duties including manning boats and other watercraft used by the Emperor.
See also
*
Voltigeurs
The Voltigeurs were French military skirmish units created in 1804 by Emperor Napoleon I. They replaced the second company of fusiliers in each existing infantry battalion.
Etymology
''Voltigeurs'' ( ɔltiʒœʀ English: "acrobats") were named ...
, skirmisher infantry. Some of whom served with the Imperial Guard (at times, the Guard had 12 regiments of ''Voltigeurs'')
*
94th Infantry Regiment, inheritor of the traditions of the Imperial Guard
Footnotes
External links
Infantry of Napoleon's Imperial GuardNapoleon's Guard{{Authority control
Military units and formations established in 1799
Military units and formations disestablished in 1815
French military units and formations of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal guards
Army units and formations of France
1799 establishments in France
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