''Michelia'' is a historical
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
s belonging to the family (
Magnoliaceae
The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: ''Magnolia'' and ''Liriodendron'' (tulip trees).
Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), the ...
). The genus included about 50
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of
evergreen
In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...
tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...
s and
shrub
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
s, native to tropical and subtropical
south
South is one of the cardinal directions or Points of the compass, compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west.
Etymology
The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Pro ...
and
southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...
(
Indomalaya
The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.
Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Indi ...
), including southern
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
. Today it is regarded as a
synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...
of ''
Magnolia
''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendro ...
''.
Description
The Magnoliaceae are an ancient family; fossil plants identifiably belonging to the Magnoliaceae date back 95 million years. A primitive aspect of the Magnolia family is that their large, cup-shaped
flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...
s lack distinct
petal
Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...
s or
sepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...
s. The large non-specialized flower parts, resembling petals, are called
tepal
A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...
s.
The leaves, flowers, and form of ''Michelia'' resemble ''Magnolia'', but the blossoms of ''Michelia'' generally form clusters among the leaves, rather than singly at the branch ends as ''Magnolia'' does.
Uses
Several of the larger species are locally important sources of
timber
Lumber is wood that has been processed into dimensional lumber, including beams and planks or boards, a stage in the process of wood production. Lumber is mainly used for construction framing, as well as finishing (floors, wall panels, wi ...
. Some species, including the champak ''(
Michelia champaca
''Magnolia champaca'', known in English as champak (), is a large evergreen tree in the family Magnoliaceae. )'' and ''
Michelia doltsopa
''Magnolia doltsopa'' is a large shrub or small tree native to the eastern Himalayan region and the Meghalaya subtropical forests in Northeastern India. The wood is fragrant.
Description
The plant varies in form from bushy to narrow and upright, ...
'' are grown for their flowers, both on the tree and as cut flowers. Champak flowers are also used to produce an
essential oil
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the o ...
for perfume. A few species have been introduced to gardens or as street trees outside of the Indomalaya region, including ''
Michelia figo
''Magnolia figo'' (also called banana shrub, port wine magnolia, ''Michelia figo'') is an evergreen tree in the magnolia genus. It grows to tall. It is native to China.
Initially described as by Portuguese missionary and naturalist João de ...
'', ''M. doltsopa'', and ''M. champaca.'' The genus is named after the
Florentine botanist
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...
Pietro Antonio Micheli
Pier Antonio Micheli (December 11, 1679 – January 1, 1737) was a noted Italian botanist, professor of botany in Pisa, curator of the Orto Botanico di Firenze, author of ''Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita''. He discover ...
(1679–1737). They grow to the height of 10–45 metres
Recent changes in classification
Morphological data and molecular data recently showed that the genus ''Michelia'' is very closely related to subgenus ''Yulania'' of genus ''Magnolia''. Many botanists now treat the genus ''Michelia'' accordingly. New combinations of names have been provided for. For further information see under genus ''
Magnolia
''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendro ...
''.
Some former ''Michelia'' species
Some species formerly placed in ''Michelia'' include the following. Synonyms are from
Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...
, .
* ''Michelia aenea''
Dandy, synonym of ''
Magnolia foveolata
''Magnolia foveolata'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae native to China and Vietnam.
References
Magnolia, foveolata
Trees of Vietnam
Trees of China
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Magnoliales-stub ...
''
Merr. ex Dandy
* ''Michelia'' × ''alba''
DC., synonym of
''Magnolia'' × ''alba''. White champaca or white sandalwood, considered to be a hybrid between ''
Magnolia champaca
''Magnolia champaca'', known in English as champak (), is a large evergreen tree in the family Magnoliaceae. '' and ''
Magnolia montana
''Magnolia montana'' is a species of ''Magnolia'' native to the western Malesia region (Malaysia and Indonesia) of the Indomalayan realm.
The Latin specific epithet ''montana'' refers to mountains or coming from mountains.Archibald William Sm ...
''.
* ''Michelia calcicola''
C.Y. Wu ex Y.-W. Law & Y.-F. Wu, synonym of ''
Magnolia fulva
''Magnolia fulva'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae
The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: ''Magnolia'' and '' Liriodendron'' (tu ...
'' var. ''calcicola''
* ''Michelia champaca''
L., synonym of ''
Magnolia champaca
''Magnolia champaca'', known in English as champak (), is a large evergreen tree in the family Magnoliaceae. ''. Champak. Native to
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
,
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
, and the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
. A tree or shrub which grows from 3 to 6 meters high and wide. Glossy bright green leaves to 16 cm. Produces fragrant orange, yellow, or creamy white flowers in the spring. The flowers of this plant produce an essential oil that is used in perfume.
* ''Michelia compressa''
(Maxim.) Sarg., synonym of ''
Magnolia compressa
''Magnolia compressa'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae, native to Yunnan, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands, and southwest Japan, and introduced to South Korea. A small tree when in cultivation, it is hardy only to Hardiness z ...
''
* ''Michelia coriacea''
Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen, synonym of ''
Magnolia coriacea
''Magnolia coriacea'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is native to China. There are no more than about 500 individuals remaining of this endangered species.
This is a tree growing 10 to 20 meters tall. The leaves ...
''
* ''Michelia doltsopa''
Buch.-Ham. ex DC., synonym of ''
Magnolia doltsopa
''Magnolia doltsopa'' is a large shrub or small tree native to the eastern Himalayan region and the Meghalaya subtropical forests in Northeastern India. The wood is fragrant.
Description
The plant varies in form from bushy to narrow and upright, ...
''. Large shrubs and trees, growing to 30 meters. Native to the eastern
Himalayas
The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 100 ...
and
Meghalaya subtropical forests
The Meghalaya subtropical forests is an ecoregion of Northeast India. The ecoregion covers an area of , and despite its name, comprise not only the state of Meghalaya, but also parts of southern Assam, and a tiny bit of Nagaland around Dimapur. ...
. Varies in form from bushy to narrow and upright. Leathery dark-green leaves, 6 to 17 cm in length. Clusters of creamy white flowers in winter. Growing in popularity as a street tree in coastal
California
California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
.
* ''Michelia figo''
(Lour.) Spreng., synonym of ''
Magnolia figo
''Magnolia figo'' (also called banana shrub, port wine magnolia, ''Michelia figo'') is an evergreen tree in the magnolia genus. It grows to tall. It is native to China.
Initially described as by Portuguese missionary and naturalist João de ...
'' (basionym: ''Liriodendron figo''
Lour.) Banana shrub. A slow growing shrub or small tree that can grow up to 5 meters high and nearly as wide. Densely covered with small glossy green leaves. Bears clusters of large, white, sometimes purple-streaked, flowers with a potent, sweet banana scent. 'Port Wine' is a cultivar that bears rose to maroon flowers.
* ''Michelia fulgens''
Dandy, synonym of ''
Magnolia foveolata
''Magnolia foveolata'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae native to China and Vietnam.
References
Magnolia, foveolata
Trees of Vietnam
Trees of China
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Magnoliales-stub ...
''
* ''Michelia fuscata''
(Andrews) Blume ex Wall., synonym ''
Magnolia figo
''Magnolia figo'' (also called banana shrub, port wine magnolia, ''Michelia figo'') is an evergreen tree in the magnolia genus. It grows to tall. It is native to China.
Initially described as by Portuguese missionary and naturalist João de ...
'' var. ''figo''
* ''Michelia hedyosperma''
Y.-W. Law, synonym of ''
Magnolia hypolampra
''Magnolia hypolampra'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is native to China and Vietnam.
References
Magnolia, hypolampra
Trees of China
Flora of Vietnam
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Magnoliales-stub ...
''
* ''Michelia hypolampra''
Dandy, synonym of ''
Magnolia hypolampra
''Magnolia hypolampra'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is native to China and Vietnam.
References
Magnolia, hypolampra
Trees of China
Flora of Vietnam
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Magnoliales-stub ...
''
* ''Michelia ingrata''
Chen & Yang, synonym of ''
Magnolia fulva
''Magnolia fulva'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae
The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: ''Magnolia'' and '' Liriodendron'' (tu ...
'' var. ''fulva''
* ''Michelia laevifolia''
Y.-W. Law & Y.-F. Wu, synonym of ''
Magnolia laevifolia
''Magnolia laevifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae, native to south-central China. Hardy to USDA zone 8, it easily tolerates pruning, and can be formed into topiaries, hedges and screens. The Royal Horticultural S ...
''
* ''Michelia longistyla''
Y.-W. Law & Y.-F. Wu, synonym of ''
Magnolia foveolata
''Magnolia foveolata'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae native to China and Vietnam.
References
Magnolia, foveolata
Trees of Vietnam
Trees of China
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Magnoliales-stub ...
''
* ''Michelia montana''
Blume, synonym of ''
Magnolia montana
''Magnolia montana'' is a species of ''Magnolia'' native to the western Malesia region (Malaysia and Indonesia) of the Indomalayan realm.
The Latin specific epithet ''montana'' refers to mountains or coming from mountains.Archibald William Sm ...
''.
* ''Michelia nilagirica''
Zenker, synonym of ''
Magnolia nilagirica
''Magnolia nilagirica'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is a tree that is threatened by habitat loss, endemic to the Western Ghats of India (including Agastya Mala, the Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, the Anaimalai and Palni H ...
''. Native to southern
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
.
* ''Michelia odora''
(W.Y. Chun) Noot. & Chen, synonym of ''
Magnolia odora
''Magnolia odora'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is found in China, including Hainan, and Vietnam. It is threatened by habitat loss
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process b ...
''
* ''Michelia punduana''
Hook.f. & Thomson, synonym of ''
Magnolia punduana
''Magnolia punduana'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is endemic to the Meghalaya subtropical forests in India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest ...
''. Native to
Meghalaya subtropical forests
The Meghalaya subtropical forests is an ecoregion of Northeast India. The ecoregion covers an area of , and despite its name, comprise not only the state of Meghalaya, but also parts of southern Assam, and a tiny bit of Nagaland around Dimapur. ...
.
* ''Michelia wilsonii''
Finet & Gagnep., synonym of ''
Magnolia ernestii
''Magnolia ernestii'', the yellow lily-tree, is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is endemic to China. It is threatened by habitat loss
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by w ...
''
* ''Michelia skinneriana''
Dunn, synonym of ''
Magnolia figo
''Magnolia figo'' (also called banana shrub, port wine magnolia, ''Michelia figo'') is an evergreen tree in the magnolia genus. It grows to tall. It is native to China.
Initially described as by Portuguese missionary and naturalist João de ...
'' var. ''skinneriana''
* ''Michelia xanthantha''
C.Y. Wu ex Y.-W. Law & Y.-F. Wu, synonym of ''
Magnolia xanthantha
''Magnolia xanthantha'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is endemic to China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with ...
''
* ''Michelia yunnanensis''
Franch. ex Finet & Gapnep., synonym of ''
Magnolia laevifolia
''Magnolia laevifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae, native to south-central China. Hardy to USDA zone 8, it easily tolerates pruning, and can be formed into topiaries, hedges and screens. The Royal Horticultural S ...
''
References
External links
*
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1145025
Magnoliales genera
Historically recognized angiosperm genera