Michael Freund (1902–1972) was a German historian and professor at the University of Kiel.
Freund's view was that
Louis Napoleon
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...
was the only real revolutionist in 1848. Freund wrote, "After the solemn republican respectability of 1848 it seemed that only with the Napoleonic experiment did a great
revolutionary
A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates a revolution. The term ''revolutionary'' can also be used as an adjective, to refer to something that has a major, sudden impact on society or on some aspect of human endeavor.
...
élan appear on the stage of history". "The state created by Napoleon was anti-socialist, but it was not the
laissez-faire
''Laissez-faire'' ( ; from french: laissez faire , ) is an economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism (such as subsidies) deriving from special interest groups. ...
state of capitalism. The social ideals of the disciples of
Saint-Simon were given by Napoleon, for the first time, a military and authoritarian aspect."
[''Liberalism and the Challenge of Fascism, Social Forces in England and France (1815-1870)'', ]J. Salwyn Schapiro
Jacob Salwyn Schapiro (December 19, 1879 – December 30, 1973) was a Professor Emeritus of History at the City College of New York.
Work
In his book, ''Liberalism and the Challenge of Fascism'', Schapiro set out to discuss the changes in both En ...
, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., NY, 1949. pg 328.
Writings
* ''Die Idee der Toleranz im England der großen Revolution.'', PhD Halle 1927.
* ''
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Ki ...
. Biographische Skizze'', Lübeck 1933.
* ''Napoleon III. Eine Betrachtung zur Krise der Democratie in Frankreich'', ''Deutsche Zeitschrift'', XLVIII (October, 1934-September, 1935).
* ''Von Versailles zur Wehrfreiheit. Die Wiedererstehung Deutschlands als Großmacht'', Essen 1936.
* ''Weltgeschichte der Gegenwart in Dokumenten 1934/35''.
** Vol. 1: ''Internationale Politik'', Essen 1936.
** Vol. 2: ''Staatsform und Wirtschaft der Nationen'', Essen 1937.
* ''Die große Revolution in England. Anatomie eines Umsturzes'', Hamburg 1951.
* ''Das Elitenproblem in der modernen Politik'', Munich 1954.
* ''Deutsche Geschichte'', Gütersloh 1960.
* ''Der zweite Weltkrieg'', Gütersloh 1962.
* ''Das Dritte Reich 1933-1939'', Gütersloh 1963.
* ''Deutschland unterm Hakenkreuz. Die Geschichte der Jahre 1933-1945'', Gütersloh 1965.
* ''Das Drama der 99 Tage. Krankheit und Tod Friedrichs III.'', Cologne 1966.
* ''
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
und die Deutschen. Despot oder Held der Freiheit?'' Munich 1969.
* ''
Georges Sorel
Georges Eug̬ne Sorel (; ; 2 November 1847 Р29 August 1922) was a French social thinker, political theorist, historian, and later journalist. He has inspired theories and movements grouped under the name of Sorelianism. His social and p ...
. Der revolutionäre Konservatismus'', 2nd ed. Frankfurt 1972.
References
20th-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers
1902 births
1972 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
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