''Mezira'' is a genus of

flat bug Aradidae is a family of flat bugs, and a member of true bugs (Heteroptera). The common name for these insects refers to their dorsoventrally flattened bodies. With few exceptions, these cryptic insects are of no economic importance. This famil ...

s in the family

Aradidae Aradidae is a family of flat bugs, and a member of true bugs (Heteroptera). The common name for these insects refers to their dorsoventrally flattened bodies. With few exceptions, these cryptic insects are of no economic importance. This famil ...

. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Mezira tremulae

Species

These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''

Mezira americana ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Spinola, 1852 * ''

Mezira argentinensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormil ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira barberi ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev, 1964 * ''

Mezira beta ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira bicolor ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Hoberlandt, 1963 * '' Mezira birabeni'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira boliviana ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira bonaerensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira brasiliensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira bruchi ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormil ...

'' Kormilev, 1953 * ''

Mezira carioca ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira championi ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira chemsaki ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev, 1982 * '' Mezira crenulata'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira cubana ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira drakei ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Hoberlandt, 1957 * ''

Mezira emarginata ''Mezira emarginata'' is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae Aradidae is a family of flat bugs, and a member of true bugs (Heteroptera). The common name for these insects refers to their dorsoventrally flattened bodies. With few excep ...

'' (Say, 1832) * ''

Mezira equatoriana ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira eurycephala ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira formosa ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev, 1953 * ''

Mezira fritzi ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira froeschneri ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Davidová-Vilímová, Taylor & McPherson, 1996 * ''

Mezira germari ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' * ''

Mezira ghanaensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira granulata ''Mezira granulata'' is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea The Caribbean Sea ( es, Mar Caribe; french: Mer des Caraïbes; ht, Lanmè Karayib; jam, Kiaribiyan Sii; nl, Caraïbische Zee; pap, Laman ...

'' (Say, 1832) * ''

Mezira granuliger ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Stal, 1860 * ''

Mezira guanacastensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev, 1982 * ''

Mezira guianensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira handlirschi ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' (Bergroth, 1898) * ''

Mezira hondurensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev, 1982 * ''

Mezira insularis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Hoberlandt, 1963 * ''

Mezira kiritshenkoi ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Hoberlandt, 1963 * ''

Mezira laeviventris ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' (Champion, 1898) * ''

Mezira lobata ''Mezira lobata'' is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae Aradidae is a family of flat bugs, and a member of true bugs (Heteroptera). The common name for these insects refers to their dorsoventrally flattened bodies. With few exception ...

'' (Say, 1832) * ''

Mezira luteomaculata ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormil ...

'' Kormilev, 1957 * ''

Mezira luteonotata ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira membranacea ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' (Fabricius, 1803) * ''

Mezira mexicana ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira minima ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Montrouzier, 1861 * ''

Mezira minor ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira neonigripennis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' * ''

Mezira nigripennis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Usinger, 1936 * ''

Mezira novella ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Blatchley, 1924 * ''

Mezira pacifica ''Mezira pacifica'' is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae Aradidae is a family of flat bugs, and a member of true bugs (Heteroptera). The common name for these insects refers to their dorsoventrally flattened bodies. With few excepti ...

'' Usinger, 1936 * ''

Mezira paraensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev & Heiss, 1979 * ''

Mezira paragranuliger ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev, 1953 * ''

Mezira paraguayensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira paralata ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira parva ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Hoberlandt, 1957 * ''

Mezira pauperula ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev, 1962 * ''

Mezira piligera ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev, 1971 * ''

Mezira pilosula ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormil ...

'' Kormilev, 1973 * ''

Mezira placida ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira plaumanni ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira proseni ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev, 1953 * ''

Mezira pusilla ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira reducta ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Van Duzee, 1927 * ''

Mezira regularis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Champion, 1898 * ''

Mezira reuteri ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Bergroth, 1886 * ''

Mezira saltensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev, 1953 * ''

Mezira sanmartini ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira sayi ''Mezira sayi'' is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae Aradidae is a family of flat bugs, and a member of true bugs (Heteroptera). The common name for these insects refers to their dorsoventrally flattened bodies. With few exceptions, ...

'' Kormilev, 1982 * ''

Mezira scrupulosa ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' * ''

Mezira singularis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Hoberlandt, 1957 * ''

Mezira smithi ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev, 1982 * ''

Mezira spissigrada ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormil ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira subsetosa ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' * ''

Mezira tartagalensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira tremulae ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae Aradidae is a family of flat bugs, and a member of true bugs (Heteroptera). The common name for these insects refers to their dorsoventrally flattened bodies. With few exceptions, these ...

'' (Germar, 1822) * ''

Mezira trinidadensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev * ''

Mezira vanduzeei ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Usinger, 1936 * ''

Mezira vianai ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Kormilev, 1953 * † ''

Mezira crassifemur ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Wappler & Heiss, 2006 * † ''

Mezira eckfeldensis ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Wappler & Heiss, 2006 * † ''

Mezira eocenica ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * '' Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * '' Mezira argentinensis'' Kormi ...

'' Wappler & Heiss, 2006 * † ''

Mezira parapetrificata ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Heiss & al., 2015 * † ''

Mezira petrificata ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Heiss & al., 2015 * † ''

Mezira scheveni ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Heiss, 2000 * † ''

Mezira succinica ''Mezira'' is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are more than 70 described species in ''Mezira''. Species These 79 species belong to the genus ''Mezira'': * ''Mezira americana'' Spinola, 1852 * ''Mezira argentinensis'' Kormile ...

'' Usinger, 1941

References

External links

* Aradidae Articles created by Qbugbot Pentatomomorpha genera {{pentatomomorpha-stub