The Conservative Party ( es, Partido Conservador) was one of two major factions in Mexican political thought that emerged in the years after
independence
Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the statu ...
, the other being the
Liberals.
At various times and under different circumstances they were known as ''
escoceses
The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction in the United States often omits the ''and'', while the English Constitution in the United Kingdom omits the ''Scottish''), commonly known as simply the Sco ...
'', ''centralists'', ''royalists'', ''imperialists'', or ''conservatives'', but they tended to be united by the theme of preserving
colonial Spanish values, while not being opposed to the economic development and modernization of the nation. Their base of support was the army, the , and the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
. While containing a noted monarchist element which ended up resulting in multiple efforts to establish a
monarchy in Mexico, the conservatives were not always averse to the
republican form of government, but they supported the movement to have a
centralized republic as opposed to a
federal republic
A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means: "a country that is governed by elected representatives ...
.
With the fall of the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
the conservatives suffered a decisive defeat, and the party ceased to exist.
History
The
Plan of Iguala was a triumph for conservative principles, and in fact a reaction against the
Trienio liberal in Spain, but monarchism was largely discredited after the
First Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire ( es, Imperio Mexicano, ) was a constitutional monarchy, the first independent government of Mexico and the only former colony of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after independence. It is one of the few modern-era, ...
's fall in 1823. The conservatives suffered another setback with the triumph of federalism during the debates over the drafting of the
Constitution of 1824. Their first candidate to reach the presidency was
Anastasio Bustamante
Anastasio Bustamante y Oseguera (; 27 July 1780 – 6 February 1853) was a Mexican physician, general, and politician who served as president of Mexico three times. He participated in the Mexican War of Independence initially as a royalist befo ...
in 1830, but he both gained and lost the presidency through a coup as most other presidents did during the tumultuous era of the
First Mexican Republic
The First Mexican Republic, known also as the First Federal Republic ( es, Primera República Federal, link=no), was a Federal republic, federated republic, under the Constitution of 1824. It was a nation-state officially designated the United M ...
. A decade of conservative rule would be inaugurated in 1835 through the establishment of the
Centralist Republic of Mexico, but the federalist constitution would be restored in 1846 after the start of the
Mexican–American War
The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the (''United States intervention in Mexico''), was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1 ...
.
La Reforma, and the establishment of the
Constitution of 1857 proved to be another triumph for liberal principles especially anti-clericalism, and conservatives lost the
War of Reform attempting to abolish the new constitution. During the
Second French Intervention, the conservatives would invite
Maximilian of Habsburg
Maximilian I (german: Ferdinand Maximilian Josef Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen, link=no, es, Fernando Maximiliano José María de Habsburgo-Lorena, link=no; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor ...
, to assume the Mexican throne, but the Emperor proved to be a liberal, disillusioning many of his conservative supporters.
Conservatives
Presidents
*
Anastasio Bustamante
Anastasio Bustamante y Oseguera (; 27 July 1780 – 6 February 1853) was a Mexican physician, general, and politician who served as president of Mexico three times. He participated in the Mexican War of Independence initially as a royalist befo ...
He was the first conservative president of Mexico, and the leading minister of his first administration was the conservative intellectual
Lucas Alaman
Lucas or LUCAS may refer to:
People
* Lucas (surname)
* Lucas (given name)
Arts and entertainment
* Luca Family Singers, also known as "lucas ligner en torsk"
* ''Lucas'' (album) (2007), an album by Skeletons and the Kings of All Cities
* ''Lu ...
. During his later rule in the Centralist Republic he nonetheless rejected
Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
*Jose ben Abin
*Jose ben Akabya
* Jose the Galil ...
’s pleas in 1840 to establish a monarchical government, and also wavered a bit from conservative principles when during a coup attempt in 1842, he offered to restore the federal system.
*
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna While known for repeatedly switching sides, he did have his periods of conservative rule. His overthrow of the liberal
Valentin Gomez Farias
Valentin is a male given name meaning "strong, healthy, power, rule, terco". It comes from the Latin name ''Valentinus'', as in Saint Valentin. Commonly found in Spain, Romania, Bulgaria, France, Italy, Russia, Ukraine, Scandinavia, Latin America ...
led to the end of the
First Mexican Republic
The First Mexican Republic, known also as the First Federal Republic ( es, Primera República Federal, link=no), was a Federal republic, federated republic, under the Constitution of 1824. It was a nation-state officially designated the United M ...
and the establishment of the
Centralist Republic of Mexico. His last dictatorship from 1852 to 1853 was also conservative and included official efforts led by
Lucas Alaman
Lucas or LUCAS may refer to:
People
* Lucas (surname)
* Lucas (given name)
Arts and entertainment
* Luca Family Singers, also known as "lucas ligner en torsk"
* ''Lucas'' (album) (2007), an album by Skeletons and the Kings of All Cities
* ''Lu ...
to seek a foreign monarch for Mexico.
*
Jose Justo Corro He oversaw the publication of the
Siete Leyes
''Las Siete Leyes'' (, or Seven Laws was a constitution that fundamentally altered the organizational structure of Mexico, away from the federal structure established by the Constitution of 1824, thus ending the First Mexican Republic and creating ...
and was a devout Catholic who succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with the
Holy See
The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome ...
.
*
Nicolas Bravo
Nicolas or Nicolás may refer to:
People Given name
* Nicolas (given name)
Mononym
* Nicolas (footballer, born 1999), Brazilian footballer
* Nicolas (footballer, born 2000), Brazilian footballer
Surname Nicolas
* Dafydd Nicolas (c.1705–1774), ...
He tried to overthrow the liberal administration of
Vicente Guerrero
Vicente Ramón Guerrero (; baptized August 10, 1782 – February 14, 1831) was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence. He fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and later served as ...
and then served as interim president at times during the Centralist Republic.
*
Francisco Javier Echeverria He came from a business background and believed in centralism as making for more effective fiscal policy.
*
Jose Mariano Salas
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
* Jose ben Abin
* Jose ben Akabya
*Jose the Galile ...
Overthrew the conservative administration of
Mariano Paredes
Mariano Paredes may refer to:
* Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico) (1797–1849), conservative Mexican general and president
* Mariano Paredes (President of Guatemala) (1800–1856), 4th President of Guatemala
* Mariano Paredes (artist)
Mari ...
and reestablished the federalist constitution of 1824, yet nonetheless sided with the conservatives during the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
and was elected regent during the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
.
*
Mariano Paredes
Mariano Paredes may refer to:
* Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico) (1797–1849), conservative Mexican general and president
* Mariano Paredes (President of Guatemala) (1800–1856), 4th President of Guatemala
* Mariano Paredes (artist)
Mari ...
A military man with aristocratic views, he was one of the very few Mexican presidents to ever express official interest in setting up a monarchy in the country.
*
Valentin Canalizo
Valentin is a male given name meaning "strong, healthy, power, rule, terco". It comes from the Latin name ''Valentinus'', as in Saint Valentin. Commonly found in Spain, Romania, Bulgaria, France, Italy, Russia, Ukraine, Scandinavia, Latin America ...
A puppet rule for Santa Anna during the Centralist Republic, he later abandoned conservative principles when he served as Minister of War under the liberal President Valentin Gomez Farias and supported the administration's aims at nationalizing church property.
*
Felix Zuloaga
Felix may refer to:
* Felix (name), people and fictional characters with the name
Places
* Arabia Felix is the ancient Latin name of Yemen
* Felix, Spain, a municipality of the province Almería, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, ...
Overthrew the progressive government of
Ignacio Comonfort after the latter had overseen the ratification of the many measures of
La Reforma which included a series of anti-clerical laws. He restored the previous legal rights that the church and the army enjoyed and promised to return the church lands that had been nationalized. He then led the conservatives through the first year of the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
.
*
Manuel Robles Pezuela
Manuel Robles Pezuela (23 May 1817 - 23 March 1862) was a military engineer, military commander, and eventually interim president of Mexico during a civil war, the War of Reform, being waged between conservatives and liberals, in which he served ...
A moderate who overthrew the government of
Felix Zuloaga
Felix may refer to:
* Felix (name), people and fictional characters with the name
Places
* Arabia Felix is the ancient Latin name of Yemen
* Felix, Spain, a municipality of the province Almería, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, ...
in an attempt to end the war through diplomacy and compromise with the liberals.
*
Miguel Miramon
-->
Miguel is a given name and surname, the Portuguese and Spanish form of the Hebrew name Michael. It may refer to:
Places
*Pedro Miguel, a parish in the municipality of Horta and the island of Faial in the Azores Islands
*São Miguel (disambi ...
A clerical general who played a role in the early revolts against
La Reforma before winning a series of important victories during the first year of the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
. During the war, Miramon ascended to the presidency and would continue to lead the conservatives until they lost the war in 1860. He went into exile and returned to the country during the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
, but the liberal
Emperor Maximilian sent him again out of the country to diffuse conservative opposition to his rule. As the Empire began to fall Miramon returned to offer his services. After the triumph of the liberals he was executed by firing squad next to the Emperor, and his fellow conservative general
Tomas Mejia Tomas may refer to:
People
* Tomás (given name), a Spanish, Portuguese, and Gaelic given name
* Tomas (given name), a Swedish, Dutch, and Lithuanian given name
* Tomáš, a Czech and Slovak given name
* Tomas (surname), a French and Croatian surna ...
.
Clergy
*
Archbishop Antonio de Labastida the
Archbishop of Mexico and a staunch opponent of
La Reforma which sought to nationalize church properties. He was a member of the
Regency of the Mexican Empire during the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
.
*
Father Francisco Javier Miranda – one of the leaders of the reaction against
La Reforma. He found himself exiled during the liberal presidency of
Juan Alvarez
''Juan'' is a given name, the Spanish and Manx versions of ''John''. It is very common in Spain and in other Spanish-speaking communities around the world and in the Philippines, and also (pronounced differently) in the Isle of Man. In Spanish, t ...
but came back disguised and became one of president
Ignacio Comonfort’s fiercest enemies. Miranda led one of the conservative revolts in the initial stages of the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
During the period of the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
, he would form part of the commission that travelled to Europe to offer the crown of Mexico the
Maximilian of Habsburg
Maximilian I (german: Ferdinand Maximilian Josef Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen, link=no, es, Fernando Maximiliano José María de Habsburgo-Lorena, link=no; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor ...
.
*
José Sebastián Segura priest,
mining engineer
Mining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from underneath, open pit, above or on the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, and ...
, translator, poet, and conservative writer.
*
Manuel de San Juan Crisóstomo Nájera priest, linguist of Mexico's
native languages, and educator who also contributed to
Lucas Alaman
Lucas or LUCAS may refer to:
People
* Lucas (surname)
* Lucas (given name)
Arts and entertainment
* Luca Family Singers, also known as "lucas ligner en torsk"
* ''Lucas'' (album) (2007), an album by Skeletons and the Kings of All Cities
* ''Lu ...
's monarchist newspapers ''El Tiempo'' and ''El Universal''. After Nájera's death, Alaman would write a biographical essay on him.
*
Basilio Arrillaga Jesuit priest, deputy to the Spanish Cortes, deputy to the Mexican congress, and rector of the Colegio Carolino in Puebla. He was a staunch opponent of anti-clericalism.
*
José Mariano Dávila y Arrillaga physician, priest, and historian of the
Jesuit
, image = Ihs-logo.svg
, image_size = 175px
, caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits
, abbreviation = SJ
, nickname = Jesuits
, formation =
, founders ...
s.
Statesmen
*
Manuel Diez de Bonilla
Manuel may refer to:
People
* Manuel (name)
* Manuel (Fawlty Towers), a fictional character from the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers''
* Charlie Manuel, manager of the Philadelphia Phillies
* Manuel I Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire
* M ...
Was the Mexican minister plenipotentiary to the
Holy See
The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome ...
and to
Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
in the 1830s. He contributed to Lucas Alamán's first monarchist newspaper, ''El Tiempo'' and supported the conservatives during the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
.
*
Jose Hidalgo Monarchist diplomat who along with
Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
*Jose ben Abin
*Jose ben Akabya
* Jose the Galil ...
sought to find support in Europe for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico. He formed a part of the commission which traveled to Europe to invite Maximilian to accept the Mexican throne. After the fall of the Second Mexican Empire, he lived in Paris writing novels and a book reflecting on the Mexican monarchical experiment.
*
Rafael Martínez de la Torre conservative lawyer,
regidor
A regidor (plural: ''regidores'') is a member of a council of municipalities in Spain and Latin America. Portugal also used to have the same office of ''regedor''.
Mexico
In Mexico, an ayuntamiento (municipal council) is composed of a municipal ...
of the Mexico City
ayuntamiento, and deputy to congress who defended Emperor Maximilian during his trial after the emperor was captured by the liberal government.
*
José Bernardo Couto congressional deputy, member of the council of state, and jurist who sided with the conservatives once the
War of Reform broke out.
*
Joaquín Velázquez de León coming from a mining background, de Leon was a minister under Santa Anna's last dictatorship, and later became a supporter and minister of the Second Mexican Empire. He was among the men who took part in the commission that travelled to
Miramare Castle in order to offer the crown of Mexico to
Maximilian of Habsburg
Maximilian I (german: Ferdinand Maximilian Josef Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen, link=no, es, Fernando Maximiliano José María de Habsburgo-Lorena, link=no; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor ...
.
*
José Hilario Elguero y Guisasola Was minister of government under President
Felix Zuloaga
Felix may refer to:
* Felix (name), people and fictional characters with the name
Places
* Arabia Felix is the ancient Latin name of Yemen
* Felix, Spain, a municipality of the province Almería, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, ...
as a member of the ''Junta Superior'' which organized the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
.
*
Carlos María de Bustamante Activist for Mexican Independence who later became an advocate of centralism and served as a member in the ''Supremo Poder Conservador''. Nonetheless, openly opposed monarchy in the wake of the publication of
Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
*Jose ben Abin
*Jose ben Akabya
* Jose the Galil ...
's essay advocating for such a government in 1840.
*
José Hipólito Odoardo A prosecutor for the
Real Audiencia of Mexico under Spain who later served as president of the newly established Mexican congress. He was also a Bourbonist, a monarchist during the initial stages of Mexican Independence, who advocated for a member of the Spanish Royal Family to assume a newly established Mexican throne.
*
Tomás Murphy y Alegría A
Veracruz
Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
-born merchant, secretary of commerce, and minister plenipotentiary to Austria who supported the conservatives and later the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
and considered the
liberals to be tools of the United States.
*
Crispiniano del Castillo Senator, jurist, and supporter of the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
.
Military
*
Tomas Mejia Tomas may refer to:
People
* Tomás (given name), a Spanish, Portuguese, and Gaelic given name
* Tomas (given name), a Swedish, Dutch, and Lithuanian given name
* Tomáš, a Czech and Slovak given name
* Tomas (surname), a French and Croatian surna ...
Clerical general and a member of the
Otomi people, who supported the conservatives during the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
and later the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
. After the triumph of the liberals he was executed by firing squad next to the Emperor, and his fellow conservative general
Miguel Miramon
-->
Miguel is a given name and surname, the Portuguese and Spanish form of the Hebrew name Michael. It may refer to:
Places
*Pedro Miguel, a parish in the municipality of Horta and the island of Faial in the Azores Islands
*São Miguel (disambi ...
.
*
Luis G. Osollo A leading conservative general during the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
. He died of typhoid fever before the war had ended.
*
Leonardo Marquez
Leonardo is a masculine given name, the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese equivalent of the English, German, and Dutch name, Leonard.
People
Notable people with the name include:
* Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italian Renaissance scientist ...
Supported the conservatives during the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
and remained at large even after the liberals had won the war. He succeeded in assassinating the liberal statesman
Melchor Ocampo and then killed the leading liberal general
Santos Degollado
José Santos Degollado Sánchez (born November 1, 1811, in Hacienda de Robles, Guanajuato – died June 15, 1861, in Llanos de Salazar, State of Mexico) was a Mexican Liberal politician and military leader. He was raised by a priest in Michoacá ...
who had been sent after Marquez in response. He later supported the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
and escaped when the Empire fell eventually becoming one of the longest lived imperialists, dying in the early 20th century and having written works defending the Empire and his role within it.
*
Joaquin Orihuela led one of the conservative revolts in the initial stages of the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
*
Refugio Tánori - Sonoran
Opata chieftain who was a zealous supporter of the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
. He was captured by liberal forces and executed, proclaiming his loyalty to Emperor Maximilian before the firing squad.
*
Antonio de Haro y Tamariz Conservative general who later led some of the early revolts against
La Reforma.
*
Adrián Woll
Adrián Woll (December 2, 1795 – February 1875) was a French Mexican general in the army of Mexico during the Texas Revolution and the military conflict between Mexico and the Republic of Texas which followed.
Woll was governor of Tamaulipas f ...
A
Franco-Mexican and former Napoleonic soldier who fought for Mexican Independence as a mercenary and then remained in the country. He joined the Mexican military and served as governor of
Tamaulipas
Tamaulipas (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas), is a state in the northeast region of Mexico; one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entiti ...
. He fought on the side of the conservatives during the
Reform War
The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...
and he supported the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
, being amongst the delegates who travelled to
Miramare Castle in order to offer the crown of Mexico to
Maximilian of Habsburg
Maximilian I (german: Ferdinand Maximilian Josef Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen, link=no, es, Fernando Maximiliano José María de Habsburgo-Lorena, link=no; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor ...
.
*
Juan Almonte Son of Independence War Hero
Jose Maria Morelos
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
* Jose ben Abin
* Jose ben Akabya
*Jose the Galile ...
, veteran of Mexico's many early conflicts including the
Texas Revolution during which he was present at the
Battle of the Alamo. He was initially staunchly opposed to monarchy when
Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
*Jose ben Abin
*Jose ben Akabya
* Jose the Galil ...
published his monarchist essay in 1840, but later became one of the key figures in the establishment of the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
.
Writers
*
Lucas Alaman
Lucas or LUCAS may refer to:
People
* Lucas (surname)
* Lucas (given name)
Arts and entertainment
* Luca Family Singers, also known as "lucas ligner en torsk"
* ''Lucas'' (album) (2007), an album by Skeletons and the Kings of All Cities
* ''Lu ...
Writer, historian, scientist, businessman, and statesman, Alaman was the preeminent conservative Mexican intellectual up until his death in 1853. He served as a minister within multiple conservative administrations. He wrote a four volume history of Mexico and edited newspapers advocating for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico.
*
Francisco de Paula Arrangoiz Leading monarchist and historian who played a role in the establishment of the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
even serving as a foreign minister under it and later grew disillusioned with
Emperor Maximilian's liberal views. Arrangoiz also wrote a history of Mexico which covered the period from the start of the
Mexican War of Independence
The Mexican War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de México, links=no, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain. It was not a single, co ...
to the fall of the Second Mexican Empire.
*
Ignacio Aguilar y Marocho Conservative journalist who also formed a part of the commission which traveled to
Miramare Castle to invite Maximilian to accept the Mexican throne.
*
Rafael Rafael He was one of the publishers of ''El Universal'', a newspaper edited by Lucas Alaman in the 1850s advocating for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico.
*
José Julián Tornel
José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced differently in each language: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ).
In French, the name ''José'', pronounced , is an old vernacul ...
, brother of General
José María Tornel, who wrote a pamphlet during
La Reforma, defending the Catholic Church's management of property and finances against advocates of disestablishment, warning that the private market in both fields would be much less generous to the public.
*
Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca or Faustino Chimalpopoca(tl) Galicia (died 1877) was an indigenous Mexican lawyer, professor, translator, and administrator.
He was the most active scholar of the Nahuatl language of the 19th century. ''Chimalpopoca' ...
lawyer and Nahuatl scholar, who defended the importance of religion in Mexican life, litigated in favor of Mexico's indigenous communities against the liberal
reform laws, and became one of
Emperor Maximilian's inner circle, serving as his interpreter and tutor in the Nahuatl language.
*
Teodosio Lares
Teodosio Lares he was a Mexican lawyer and politician. He studied Philosophy and Jurisprudence in the Seminary of Guadalajara. In 1827 he began his career as a lawyer in the Supreme Court of the State of Jalisco. He returned to Zacatecas, where ...
Lawyer who played governing roles in Santa Anna's last dictatorship and during the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
. He was a member of the ''Junta Superior'' which organized the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
. He was also the Minister of Justice and President of the Council of Ministers during this time. As the Empire began to falter he voted against Maximilian's abdication during the council of
Orizaba
Orizaba () is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located 20 km west of its sister city Córdoba, and is adjacent to Río Blanco and Ixtaczoquitlán, on Federal Highways 180 and 190. The city had a 2005 census ...
. He published books on pedagogy and psychology.
*
Alejandro Arango y Escandón Lawyer, poet, librarian and director of the
Mexican Academy of Language. He was part of the ''Assembly of Notables'' which organized the Empire and later formed a part of the consultative committee on financial affairs for the Empire. Founded ''La Sociedad Católica'' a Catholic lay organization in 1868.
*
José María Roa Bárcena Poet, novelist, and historian who supported the
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
formed part of the ''Assembly of Notables'' and later grew disillusioned with Emperor Maximilian's liberal inclinations.
*
Francisco Manuel Sánchez de Tagle
Francisco Manuel Sánchez de Tagle was a Mexican poet, writer, and conservative statesman.
Early life and education
He was born in Valladolid on January 11, 1782, to Manuel Sanchez de Tagle and Gertrudis Varela. When he was five years old, his f ...
Poet and statesman who wrote for
Lucas Alaman
Lucas or LUCAS may refer to:
People
* Lucas (surname)
* Lucas (given name)
Arts and entertainment
* Luca Family Singers, also known as "lucas ligner en torsk"
* ''Lucas'' (album) (2007), an album by Skeletons and the Kings of All Cities
* ''Lu ...
's first monarchist newspaper El Tiempo. During the constitutional convention that oversaw the transition of the nation to the
Centralist Republic of Mexico he advocated the establishment of a fourth branch of government, the ''Supreme Moderating Power'', an idea which eventually would be integrated into the
Siete Leyes
''Las Siete Leyes'' (, or Seven Laws was a constitution that fundamentally altered the organizational structure of Mexico, away from the federal structure established by the Constitution of 1824, thus ending the First Mexican Republic and creating ...
. He contributed to Lucas Alamán's first monarchist newspaper, ''El Tiempo.''
*
Vicente Segura Arguelles Conservative journalist and editor who supporter the conservatives during the
War of Reform and was executed by the triumphant liberal armies.
*
José Joaquín Pesado
José Joaquín Pesado Pérez (Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, New Spain, 9 February 1801 — Mexico City, 3 March 1861) was a Mexican writer, journalist, poet and politician. He was born in San Agustín del Palmar, Puebla, in 1801 and died in Mexic ...
Writer, journalist, poet, and professor of philosophy.
*
Manuel Carpio
Manuel Elogio Carpio Hernández (March 1, 1791 – February 11, 1860) was a Mexican poet, theologian, physician, and politician. Much of his poetry was religious or historical, with an inspiration for his poetry deriving from the Bible. He was a ...
Poet, philosopher, writer, physician who also served as a local deputy for the conservatives in the
Vera Cruz Veracruz is a state in Mexico. Veracruz or Vera Cruz (literally "True Cross") may also refer to:
People
* María González Veracruz (born 1979), Spanish politician
* Philip Vera Cruz (1904–1994), Filipino American labor leader
* Tomé Vera Cruz ...
legislature.
*
José María Gutiérrez de Estrada
José María Gutiérrez de Estrada (17 October 1800 – 17 May 1867), was a Mexican conservative diplomat, minister, and senator. He came from the state of Yucatan, where his brother, Joaquín Gutiérrez de Estrada, also a conservative ...
A
Yucatecan Yucatecan may refer to:
*A hashtag made by Futuro Sureste, represents a speculative possibility in Yucatan
*The Mexican state of Yucatán
*The Yucatán Peninsula
*The Yucatec Maya language
Yucatec Maya (; referred to by its speakers simply as ...
landowner who in 1840 after the
Federalist Revolt of 1840 led to devastating fighting at the capital, published an essay arguing that after two decades of chaos, the Republic had failed and that Mexico ought to seek to invite a European prince to found a Mexican monarchy. He was among the delegates who travelled to
Miramare Castle in order to offer the crown of Mexico to
Maximilian of Habsburg
Maximilian I (german: Ferdinand Maximilian Josef Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen, link=no, es, Fernando Maximiliano José María de Habsburgo-Lorena, link=no; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor ...
in 1864.
*
José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer Philosopher, theologian, poet, and writer who was also a Bourbonist, a monarchist during the initial stages of Mexican Independence, who advocated for a member of the Spanish Royal Family to assume a newly established Mexican throne. Later he became an advocate of centralism.
*
José Dolores Ulibarri one of the editors of Lucas Alamán's first monarchist newspaper, ''El Tiempo.''
See also
*
First Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire ( es, Imperio Mexicano, ) was a constitutional monarchy, the first independent government of Mexico and the only former colony of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after independence. It is one of the few modern-era, ...
*
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French i ...
*
National Action Party (Mexico)
The National Action Party ( es, Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) is a conservative political party in Mexico founded in 1939. The party is one of the four main List of political parties in Mexico, political parties in Mexico, and, since the 1980s, ...
References
{{Authority control
Defunct political parties in Mexico
Monarchism in Mexico
Conservative parties in Mexico
Conservatism in Mexico