A mermithergate is an
ant
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of 22 ...
worker that has a changed appearance as a result of an
Enoplia
The Enoplia are a subclass of nematodes in the class Enoplea.
Description
Enoplians are characterized by amphids shaped like ovals, stirrups, or pouches. Their bodies are smooth, without rings or lines. The esophagus is cylindrical and gland ...
nematode
infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dise ...
.
Etymology
The word was coined by
William M. Wheeler in 1910. It is a combination of the
nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhab ...
genus ''
Mermis
''Mermis'' is a genus of nematodes
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a d ...
'', for which Wheeler first described the phenomenon, and
ergate, which means ant worker. Infected females (queens) are called
mermithogyne
Usually characterised by shortened wings, mermithogynes are found in parts of the Formicidae, being queens affected by parasitic nematode worms of the genus ''Mermis''.
See also
* Mermithergate
*Polymorphism (biology)
In biology, polymorp ...
s.
Infection cycle
Up to 5% of some populations of ''
Cephalotes atratus
''Cephalotes atratus'' is a species of arboreal ant in the genus ''Cephalotes'', a genus characterized by its odd shaped head. These ants are known as gliding ants because of their ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they lose their ...
'' suffer from an
infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dise ...
by the
tetradonematid nematode ''
Myrmeconema neotropicum
''Myrmeconema neotropicum'' is a tetradonematid nematode parasite. It appears to induce fruit mimicry in the tropical ant. Presently the only known host species is ''Cephalotes atratus'', a South American ant with a black abdomen. Upon infectio ...
''. It causes the ant's
abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...
to turn from black to bright red, strikingly resembling a red berry. In addition, the ant then holds it up most of the time, and it is easily ripped off. Birds easily mistake these for real fruit and pick them, while they avoid eating normal ants. The nematodes pass through the bird's digestive system as eggs without harming it. The circle closes when ''C. atratus'' workers feed on the bird droppings, thus getting infected.
[University of California]
Ant parasite turns host into ripe red berry, biologists discover
— Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
See also
*
Gamergate (type of ant)
*
Honeypot ant
Honeypot ants, also called honey ants, are ants which have specialised workers (repletes, plerergates, or rotunds) that are gorged with food to the point that their abdomens swell enormously. Other ants then extract nourishment from them, throug ...
References
{{reflist
Further reading
* Wheeler, W.M. (1901): The parasitic origin of macroërgates among ants. ''American Naturalist'' 35: 877–886
PDF* Wheeler, W.M. (1928): ''Mermis'' parasitism and intercastes among ants. ''Journal of Experimental Zoology'' 50: 165–237
PDF
External links
* Dale Ward
Parasitism
Ants
Enoplia