Melville Jean Herskovits (September 10, 1895 – February 25, 1963) was an American

anthropologist An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropology is the study of aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms and ...

who helped to first establish

African African or Africans may refer to: * Anything from or pertaining to the continent of Africa: ** People who are native to Africa, descendants of natives of Africa, or individuals who trace their ancestry to indigenous inhabitants of Africa *** Ethn ...

and

African Diaspora studies African or Africans may refer to: * Anything from or pertaining to the continent of Africa: ** People who are native to Africa, descendants of natives of Africa, or individuals who trace their ancestry to indigenous inhabitants of Africa *** Ethn ...

in American academia. He is known for exploring the cultural continuity from African cultures as expressed in African-American communities. He worked with his wife Frances (Shapiro) Herskovits, also an anthropologist, in the field in South America, the Caribbean and Africa. They jointly wrote several books and monographs.

Early life and education

Born to Jewish immigrants in Bellefontaine, Ohio, in 1895, Herskovits attended local public schools. He served in the United States Army Medical Corps in France during World War I. Afterward, he went to college, earning a Bachelor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago in 1923. He went to New York City for graduate work, earning his M.A. and Ph.D. in anthropology from Columbia University under the guidance of the German-born American anthropologist

Franz Boas Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". His work is associated with the movements known as historical ...

. This subject was in its early decades of being developed as a formal field of study. His dissertation, titled ''The Cattle Complex in East Africa,'' investigated theories of power and authority in Africa as expressed in the ownership and raising of cattle. He studied how some aspects of African culture and traditions were expressed in African American culture in the 1900s. Among his fellow students were future anthropologists Katherine Dunham, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Elsie Clews Parsons, and Frances Shapiro. He and Shapiro married in Paris in 1924. They later had a daughter, Jean Herskovits, who became a historian.

Career

In 1927, Herskovits moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, as a full-time anthropologist. In 1928 and 1929 he and his wife Frances Herskovits did field work in Suriname, among the Saramaka (then called Bush Negroes) and jointly wrote a book about the people. In 1934, Herskovits and his wife Frances spent more than three months in the

Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...

an village of Mirebalais, the findings of which research he published in his 1937 book ''Life in a Haitian Valley''. In its time, this work was considered one of the most accurate depictions of the Haitian practice of Vodou. They meticulously detailed the lives and Vodou practices of Mirebalais residents during their three-month stay. They conducted field work in Benin, Brazil, Haiti, Ghana, Nigeria and Trinidad. In 1938 Herskovits established the new Department of Anthropology at Northwestern.Herskovits, Melville J. ''Program of African Studies'' (draft and partial revisions). Melville J. Herskovits Papers, Northwestern University Archives. Evanston, Illinois. In the early 1940s, Herskovits and his wife Frances met Barbara Hadley Stein, who was in Brazil to do research on abolition of slavery there. She introduced to them

Stanley J. Stein Stanley J. Stein (June 8, 1920 – December 19, 2019) was an American historian of Spanish America and Iberia, with interests in colonialism and post- colonialism as well as imperial history, political economy, and social history. Until his retire ...

, a graduate student in Latin American history at Harvard. With advice from Herskovits, Stein and Stein recorded black songs called ''jongos'', which have recently received considerable scholarly attention. Herskovits also influenced

Alan Lomax Alan Lomax (; January 31, 1915 – July 19, 2002) was an American ethnomusicologist, best known for his numerous field recordings of folk music of the 20th century. He was also a musician himself, as well as a folklorist, archivist, writer, sch ...

, who collected African American songs. In 1948, Herskovits founded the first major interdisciplinary American program in African studies at Northwestern University with aid of a three-year, $30,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation, followed by a five-year $100,000 grant from the Ford Foundation in 1951. The Program of African Studies was the first of its kind at a United States academic institution. The goals of the program were to "produce scholars of competence in their respective subjects, who will focus the resources of their special fields on the study of aspects of African life relevant to their disciplines." The Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern University, established in 1954, is the largest separate Africana collection in the world. To date, it contains more than 260,000 bound volumes, including 5,000 rare books, more than 3,000 periodicals, journals and newspapers, archival and manuscript collections, 15,000 books in 300 different African languages, extensive collections of maps, posters, videos and photographs, as well as electronic resources. In 1957, Herskovits founded the African Studies Association and was the organization's first president. Herskovits's book '' The Myth of the Negro Past'' is about African cultural influences on African Americans; it rejects the notion that African Americans lost all traces of their past when they were taken from Africa and enslaved in America. He traced numerous elements expressed in the contemporary African-American culture that could be traced to African cultures. Herskovits emphasized race as a sociological concept, not a biological one. He also helped forge the concept of

cultural relativism Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture. Proponents of cultural relativism also tend to argue that the norms and values of one culture should not be evaluated ...

, particularly in his book ''Man and His Works.'' This book examines in depth the effects of westernization on Africans of diverse cultures who were brought during slavery to the Americas, and who then developed a distinctly different African-American culture as a product of this displacement. As

LeRoi Jones Amiri Baraka (born Everett Leroy Jones; October 7, 1934 – January 9, 2014), previously known as LeRoi Jones and Imamu Amear Baraka, was an American writer of poetry, drama, fiction, essays and music criticism. He was the author of numerous bo ...

has commented on this text, some believe that the introduction of these Africans to Christianity is what propelled such westernization. Christian concepts shifted slave narratives from an emphasis on travelling home to their African countries of origin to traveling home to see their Lord, in Heaven. The development of African-American Christian churches, which served as one of the only places to provide these peoples with access to social mobility, further established a distinctly western culture among Africans in America. Along with these churches came Negro spirituals, which are cited as likely the first kind of music native to America made by Africans. Nonetheless, the development of such spirituals included direct influence from the African roots. This became apparent in a number of aspects of the spirituals, from the inclusion of call and response lines and alternate scales to the varied timbres and rhythms. All of this goes to show that Herskovits's claims in this book carry much truth and accuracy in regards to the establishment of the African American identity as descendant of that of the African, and how music played into such shifts. Herskovits debated with sociologist

E. Franklin Frazier Edward Franklin Frazier (; September 24, 1894 – May 17, 1962), was an American sociologist and author, publishing as E. Franklin Frazier. His 1932 Ph.D. dissertation was published as a book titled ''The Negro Family in the United States'' (19 ...

on the nature of cultural contact in the Western Hemisphere, specifically with reference to Africans, Europeans, and their descendants. Frazier emphasized how Africans had adapted to their new environment in the Americas. Herskovits was interested in showing elements of continuity from African cultures into the present community.Peter Kolchin, ''American Slavery'', Penguin History, paperback edition, 40. After World War II, Herskovits publicly advocated independence of African nations from the colonial powers. He strongly criticized American politicians for viewing African nations as objects of

Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...

strategy. Frequently called on as an adviser to government, Herskovits served on the Mayor's Committee on Race Relations in Chicago (1945) and the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1959–60).

Legacy and honors

* The Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern University was named in his honor; it is based on his collection of materials as chairman of the department. * The Herskovits Prize (Melville J. Herskovits Award) is an annual award given by the African Studies Association to the best scholarly work (including translations) on Africa published in English in the previous year.

Works

* ''The Cattle Complex in East Africa'', PhD Dissertation, 1923 (published as a book in 1926) * "The Negro's Americanism", in Alain Locke (ed.), '' The New Negro'', 1925 * ''On the Relation Between Negro-White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests'', 1926 * ''The American Negro'', 1928 * ''Rebel Destiny, Among the Bush Negroes of Dutch Guiana'', 1934, with Frances Herskovits * ''Suriname Folk Lore,'' 1936, with Frances Herskovits * ''Life in a Haitian Valley'', 1937 * ''Dahomey: An Ancient West African Kingdom'' (2 vols), 1938 * ''Economic Life of Primitive People'', 1940 * '' The Myth of the Negro Past'', 1941 * ''Trinidad Village'', 1947, with Frances Herskovits * ''Man and His Works: The Science of Cultural Anthropology'', 1948 * ''Les bases de L'Anthropologie Culturelle,'' Payot, Paris, 1952 * ''Dahomean Narrative: A Cross-Cultural Analysis'', 1958, with Frances Herskovits * ''Continuity and Change in African Culture'', 1959 * ''The Human Factor in Changing Africa'', 1962 * ''Economic Transition in Africa'', 1964

References

External links

Melville J. Herskovits Papers, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois''Herskovits at the Heart of Blackness'' (2009), a documentary from California NewsreelNorthwestern University Department of Anthropology"Melville Herskovits"
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir {{DEFAULTSORT:Herskovits, Melville American Africanists Jewish American social scientists University of Chicago alumni Northwestern University faculty Columbia University alumni American people of Slovak-Jewish descent 1895 births 1963 deaths United States Army soldiers United States Army personnel of World War I People from Bellefontaine, Ohio Jewish anthropologists Jewish philosophers American Jews 20th-century American anthropologists American Anthropologist editors 20th-century American Jews Presidents of the American Folklore Society Historians of Haiti Presidents of the African Studies Association