Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of

Tonkin Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is an exonym referring to the northern region of Vietnam. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this term referred to the domain '' Đàng Ngoài'' under Trịnh lords' control, including both the ...

and

Cochinchina Cochinchina or Cochin-China (, ; ; ; ; ) is a historical exonym and endonym, exonym for part of Vietnam, depending on the contexts, usually for Southern Vietnam. Sometimes it referred to the whole of Vietnam, but it was commonly used to refer t ...

, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are

saint In Christianity, Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of sanctification in Christianity, holiness, imitation of God, likeness, or closeness to God in Christianity, God. However, the use of the ...

s of the

Catholic Church The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...

who were

canonized Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of sa ...

Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II (born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 16 October 1978 until Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II, his death in 2005. In his you ...

. On June 19, 1988, thousands of

overseas Vietnamese Overseas Vietnamese (, , or ) refers to the Vietnamese diaspora living outside of Vietnam. The global overseas Vietnamese population is estimated at 5 to 6 million people. The largest communities are in the United States, with over 2.3 million ...

worldwide gathered at St. Peter's Square for the celebration of the canonization of 117 Vietnamese Martyrs, an event organized by Monsignor

Trần Văn Hoài Trần (陳) or Tran is the second most common Vietnamese surname after Nguyen. More than 10% of all Vietnamese people share this surname. History The Tran ruled the Trần dynasty, a golden era in Vietnam, and successfully repelled the Mongol ...

. Their

memorial A memorial is an object or place which serves as a focus for the memory or the commemoration of something, usually an influential, deceased person or a historical, tragic event. Popular forms of memorials include landmark objects such as home ...

in the current

General Roman Calendar The General Roman Calendar (GRC) is the liturgy, liturgical calendar that indicates the dates of celebrations of saints and Sacred mysteries, mysteries of the Lord (Jesus Christ) in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, wherever this liturgic ...

is on

November 24 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Theodosius I makes his '' adventus'', or formal entry, into Constantinople. * 1190 – Conrad of Montferrat becomes King of Jerusalem upon his marriage to Isabella I of Jerusalem. * 1221 – Genghis Khan ...

as Saint Andrew Dung-Lac and Companions (), although many of these saints have a second memorial, having been beatified and inscribed on the local calendar prior to the canonization of the group.

History

The Vatican estimates the number of Vietnamese martyrs at between 130,000 and 300,000. John Paul II decided to

canonize Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of sai ...

both those whose names are known and unknown, giving them a single feast day. The Vietnamese Martyrs fall into several groupings: those of the Dominican and

Jesuit The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

missionary era of the 18th century and those killed in the politically inspired persecutions of the 19th century. A representative sample of only 117 martyrs—including 96 Vietnamese, 11 Spanish Dominicans, and 10 French members of the

Paris Foreign Missions Society The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris (, , MEP) is a Catholic Missionary order, missionary organization. It is not a religious institute, but an organization of secular clergy, secular priests and Laity, lay persons dedicated to missionary wo ...

(Missions Etrangères de Paris (MEP))—were beatified on four separate occasions: 64 by

Pope Leo XIII Pope Leo XIII (; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2March 181020July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903. He had the fourth-longest reign of any pope, behind those of Peter the Ap ...

on May 27, 1900; eight by

Pope Pius X Pope Pius X (; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing Modernism in the Catholic Church, modern ...

on May 20, 1906; 20 by

on May 2, 1909; and 25 by

Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII (; born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 2 March 18769 October 1958) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death on 9 October 1958. He is the most recent p ...

on April 29, 1951. All 117 of these Vietnamese Martyrs were canonized on June 19, 1988. A young Vietnamese Martyr,

Andrew of Phú Yên Andrew of Phú Yên (1625 – 26 July 1644) is known as the "Protomartyr of Vietnam." Baptized in 1641, he was a dedicated assistant to Society of Jesus, Jesuit Missionary, missionaries and was thus arrested in the purge of Christians launched in ...

, was beatified in March 2000, by Pope John Paul II. Vietnam martyrs Paul Mi Pierre Duong Pierre Truat 18 December 1838

Christians at the time were branded on the face with the words "tả đạo" (, lit. "unorthodox religion") and families and villages which subscribed to Christianity were obliterated.Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York:

Penguin Books Penguin Books Limited is a Germany, German-owned English publishing, publishing house. It was co-founded in 1935 by Allen Lane with his brothers Richard and John, as a line of the publishers the Bodley Head, only becoming a separate company the ...

, 1993. . The letters and example of

Théophane Vénard Jean-Théophane Vénard (21 November 1829 at Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet, Diocese of Poitiers, France – 2 February 1861 in Tonkin, Vietnam) was a French Catholic missionary to Indo-China. He was a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society ...

inspired the young Saint

Thérèse of Lisieux Thérèse of Lisieux (born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin; 2 January 1873 – 30 September 1897), religious name, in religion Therese of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, was a French Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Carmelite who is widely v ...

to volunteer for the

Carmelite The Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (; abbreviated OCarm), known as the Carmelites or sometimes by synecdoche known simply as Carmel, is a mendicant order in the Catholic Church for both men and women. Histo ...

nunnery at Hanoi, though she ultimately contracted

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...

and could not go. In 1865, Vénard's body was transferred to his Congregation's church in Paris, but his head remains in Vietnam.
St. Andrew Dung-Lac and his 116 companions
', Attwater dk, Farmer, Lodi, Butler, Den katolske kirke (Catholic Church in Norway) There are several Catholic

parish A parish is a territorial entity in many Christianity, Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest#Christianity, priest, often termed a parish pries ...

es in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere dedicated to the Martyrs of Vietnam (Holy Martyrs of Vietnam Parishes), one of the largest of which is located in Arlington, Texas, in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Others can be found in

Houston Houston ( ) is the List of cities in Texas by population, most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and in the Southern United States. Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, it is the county seat, seat of ...

and

Austin, Texas Austin ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat and most populous city of Travis County, Texas, Travis County, with portions extending into Hays County, Texas, Hays and W ...

Denver Denver ( ) is a List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county, consolidated city and county, the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Colorado, most populous city of the U.S. state of ...

Seattle Seattle ( ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Washington and in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. With a population of 780,995 in 2024, it is the 18th-most populous city in the United States. The city is the cou ...

San Antonio San Antonio ( ; Spanish for " Saint Anthony") is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the most populous city in Greater San Antonio. San Antonio is the third-largest metropolitan area in Texas and the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the ...

, Arlington, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; and Norcross, Georgia. There are also churches named after individual saints, such as St. Philippe Minh Church in

Saint Boniface, Manitoba St. Boniface (or Saint Boniface) is a Ward (electoral subdivision), city ward and neighbourhood in Winnipeg. Along with being the centre of the Franco-Manitoban community, it ranks as the largest Francophone Canadian, francophone community in Wes ...

.''Archdiocese of Saint Boniface web-site, Parishes Chaplaincies and Stations, St. Philippe Minh Church, Winnipeg''

The Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in the 19th century

The Catholic Church in Vietnam was devastated during the Tây Sơn rebellion in the late 18th century. During the turmoil, the missions revived, however, as a result of cooperation between the French Vicar Apostolic Pigneaux de Behaine and Nguyen Anh. After Nguyen's victory in 1802, he was grateful for the assistance received and ensured protection for missionary activities. However, only a few years into the new emperor's reign, there was growing antipathy among officials against Catholicism and missionaries reported that it was purely for political reasons that their presence was tolerated.Jacob Ramsay. "Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyên Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s–1840s Vietnam". ''

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies The ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering scholarly studies on Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, East Timor, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam). It ...

'', Vol. 35, No. 2 (June 2004), pp. 311–328. Tolerance continued until the death of the emperor and the new emperor,

Minh Mang {{Orphan, date=December 2021 Minh ( Chữ Nôm: 明) is a popular unisex given name of Vietnamese origin, written using the Chinese character (明) meaning "bright", and is also popular among other East Asian names. The Chinese name Ming has the ...

, succeeding to the throne in 1820. Converts began to be harassed by local governments without official edicts in the late 1820s. In 1831, the emperor passed new laws on regulations for religious groupings in Viet Nam, and Catholicism was then officially prohibited. In 1832, the first act occurred in a largely Catholic village near

Hue In color theory, hue is one of the properties (called color appearance parameters) of a color, defined in the CIECAM02 model as "the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as ...

, with the entire community being incarcerated and sent into exile in Cambodia. In January 1833, a new kingdom-wide edict was passed calling on Vietnamese subjects to reject the religion of Jesus and required suspected Catholics to demonstrate their renunciation by walking on a wooden cross. Actual violence against Catholics, however, did not occur until the

Lê Văn Khôi revolt The Lê Văn Khôi revolt (, 1833–1835) was an important revolt in Nguyễn dynasty, 19th-century Vietnam, in which southern Vietnamese, Catholic Church in Vietnam, Vietnamese Catholics, Paris Foreign Missions Society, French Catholic mission ...

. During the rebellion, a young French missionary priest, Joseph Marchand, was sick and residing in the rebel citadel of Gia Dinh. In October 1833, an officer of the emperor reported to the court that a foreign Christian religious leader was present in the citadel. This news was used to justify the edicts against Catholicism and led to the first executions of missionaries in over 40 years. The first executed was named Francois Gagelin. Marchand was eventually captured and executed as a "rebel leader" in 1835; he was put to death by "

slow slicing ''Lingchi'' ( IPA: , ), usually translated "slow slicing" or "death by a thousand cuts", was a form of torture and execution used in China from roughly 900 until it was banned in 1905. It was also used in Vietnam and Korea. In this form of ex ...

". Further repressive measures were introduced in the wake of this episode in 1836. Before 1836, village heads had only to report to local mandarins about how their subjects had recanted Catholicism. However, after 1836, officials could visit villages and force all the villagers to line up one by one to trample on a cross, and if a community was suspected of harboring a missionary, militia could block off the village gates and perform a rigorous search; if a missionary was found, collective punishment could be meted out to the entire community. Missionaries and Catholic communities were able to escape punishment through bribery of officials on occasion; they were also sometimes victims of extortion attempts by people who demanded money under the threat that they would report the villages and missionaries to the authorities. The missionary Father Pierre Duclos said:

with gold bars murder and theft blossom among honest people.

The court became more aware of the problem of the failure to enforce the laws and applied greater pressure on its officials to act; officials who failed to act or those tho who were seen to be acting too slowly were demoted or removed from office (and sometimes were given severe corporal punishment), while those who attacked and killed the Christians could receive promotion or other rewards. Lower officials or younger family members of officials were sometimes tasked with secretly going through villages to report on hidden missionaries or Catholics who had not apostatized. The first missionary arrested during this (and later executed) was the priest

Jean-Charles Cornay Jean-Charles Cornay (; 27 February 1809 – 20 September 1837) was a French missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society who was martyred in Vietnam. He was executed in Ha Tay, Tonkin, now Vietnam,''A New Dictionary of Saints: East and Wes ...

in 1837. A military campaign was conducted in Nam Dinh after letters were discovered in a shipwrecked vessel bound for Macao. Quang Tri and Quang Binh officials captured several priests along with the French missionary

Bishop A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of Episcopal polity, authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance and administration of di ...

Pierre Dumoulin-Borie Pierre-Rose-Ursule Dumoulin-Borie (20 February 1808 – 24 November 1838) was a French people, French Catholic missionary priest and a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. He is a Catholic saint, canonization, canonized in 1988 along wit ...

in 1838 (who was executed). The court translator, Francois Jaccard, a Catholic who had been kept as a prisoner for years and was extremely valuable to the court, was executed in late 1838; the official who was tasked with this execution, however, was almost immediately dismissed. A priest, Father Ignatius Delgado, was captured in the village of

Can Lao The Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party (), often simply called the Cần Lao Party, was a Vietnamese political party, formed in the early 1950s by the President of South Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm and his brother and adviser Ngô Đình Nhu. ...

(

Nam Định Province Nam, Nam, or The Nam are shortened terms for: * Vietnam, which is also spelled ''Viet Nam'' * The Vietnam War Nam, The Nam or NAM may also refer to: Arts and media * Nam, a fictional character in anime series ''Dragon Ball'' * ''NAM'' (video ...

), put in a cage on public display for ridicule and abuse, and died of hunger and exposure while waiting for execution

the officer and soldiers that captured him were greatly rewarded (about 3 kg of silver was distributed out to all of them), as were the villagers that had helped to turn him over to the authorities. The bishop Dominic Henares was found in Giao Thuy district of Nam Dinh (later executed); the villagers and soldiers that participated in his arrest were also greatly rewarded (about 3 kg of silver distributed). The priest, Father Joseph Fernandez, and a local priest, Nguyen Ba Tuan, were captured in Kim Song, Nam Dinh; the provincial officials were promoted, the peasants who turned them over were given about 3 kg of silver and other rewards were distributed. In July 1838, a demoted governor attempting to win back his place did so successfully by capturing the priest Father Dang Dinh Vien in Yen Dung, Bac Ninh province. (Vien was executed). In 1839, the same official captured two more priests: Father Dinh Viet Du and Father Nguyen Van Xuyen (also both executed). In Nhu Ly near Hue, an elderly Catholic doctor named Simon Hoa was captured and executed. He had been sheltering a missionary named Charles Delamotte, whom the villagers had pleaded with him to send away. The village was also supposed to erect a shrine for the state-cult, which the doctor also opposed. His status and age protected him from being arrested until 1840 when he was put on trial, and the judge pleaded (due to his status in Vietnamese society as both an elder and a doctor) with him to publicly recant; when he refused, he was publicly executed. A peculiar episode occurred in late 1839, when a village in

Quảng Ngãi province Quảng Ngãi is a northern coastal Provinces of Vietnam, province in the South Central Coast region, the Central Vietnam, Central of Vietnam. It borders Quảng Nam to the north, Bình Định to the south, Kon Tum province, Kon Tum to the ...

called Phuoc Lam was victimized by four men who extorted cash from the villagers under threat of reporting the Christian presence to the authorities. The governor of the province had a Catholic nephew who told him about what happened, and the governor then found the four men (caught smoking opium) and had two executed as well as two exiled. When a Catholic lay leader then came to the governor to offer their gratitude (thus perhaps exposing what the governor had done), the governor told him that those who had come to die for their religion should now prepare themselves and leave something for their wives and children; when news of the whole episode came out, the governor was removed from office for incompetence. Many officials preferred to avoid execution because of the threat to social order and harmony it represented, and resorted to use of threats or torture in order to force Catholics to recant. Many villagers were executed alongside priests according to mission reports. The emperor died in 1841, and this offered respite for Catholics. However, some persecution still continued after the new emperor took office. Catholic villages were forced to build shrines to the state cult. The missionary Father Pierre Duclos (quoted above) died in prison in after being captured on the Saigon river in June 1846. The boat he was traveling in, unfortunately contained the money that was set for the annual bribes of various officials (up to 1/3 of the annual donated French mission budget for Cochinchina was officially allocated to 'special needs') in order to prevent more arrests and persecutions of the converts; therefore, after his arrest, the officials then began wide searches and cracked down on the Catholic communities in their jurisdictions. The amount of money that the French mission societies were able to raise made the missionaries a lucrative target for officials that wanted cash, which could even surpass what the imperial court was offering in rewards. This created a cycle of extortion and bribery which lasted for years.

List of Vietnamese Martyrs

Those whose names are known are listed below: * Andrew Dung-Lac An Tran, Vietnamese priest * Andrew Thong Kim Nguyen, layman *

Andrew Trong Van Tran Andrew is the English form of the given name, common in many countries. The word is derived from the , ''Andreas'', itself related to ''aner/andros'', "man" (as opposed to "woman"), thus meaning "manly" and, as consequence, "brave", "strong", "c ...

, layman and soldier * Andrew Tuong Manh Nguyen, layman * Anthony Dich Tien Nguyen, layman * Anthony Quynh Huu Nguyen, layman and doctor * Agnes Thanh-De Thi Le, laywoman * Augustin Schoeffler , French priest * Augustine Huy Viet Phan, layman and soldier * Augustine Moi Van Nguyen, layman *

Bernard Vũ Văn Duệ Bernard Due Van Vu, () (1755 – 1 August 1838) was a Vietnamese convert to Catholicism. He became a priest and worked as a missionary in the country for several decades. He was arrested and beheaded in 1838 for being a Roman Catholic priest ...

, Vietnamese priest * Celement Ignatius Delgado Y , Spanish bishop *

Dominic Cam Van Nguyen Dominic, Dominik or Dominick is a male given name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name "Dominicus", its translation means "Lordly", "Belonging to God" or "of the Master". The most promi ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Dominic Dat Dinh Dominic, Dominik or Dominick is a male given name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name "Dominicus", its translation means "Lordly", "Belonging to God" or "of the Master". The most promi ...

, layman and soldier *

Dominic Hanh Van Nguyen Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Dominic Henares Minh Dominic, Dominik or Dominick is a male given name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name "Dominicus", its translation means "Lordly", "Belonging to God" or "of the Master". The most promi ...

, Spanish bishop *

Dominic Huyen Van Tran Dominic, Dominik or Dominick is a male given name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name "Dominicus", its translation means "Lordly", "Belonging to God" or "of the Master". The most promi ...

, layman and fisherman * Dominic Kham Trong Pham, layman and local judge *

Dominic Mau Duc Dinh Dominic, Dominik or Dominick is a male given name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name "Dominicus", its translation means "Lordly", "Belonging to God" or "of the Master". The most promi ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Dominic Mao Duc Nguyen Dominic, Dominik or Dominick is a male given name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name "Dominicus", its translation means "Lordly", "Belonging to God" or "of the Master". The most promi ...

, layman *

Dominic Nhi Duc Nguyen Dominic, Dominik or Dominick is a male given name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name "Dominicus", its translation means "Lordly", "Belonging to God" or "of the Master". The most promi ...

, layman * Dominic Ninh Duy Tran, layman *

Dominic Nguyen Huy Nguyen Dominic, Dominik or Dominick is a male given name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name "Dominicus", its translation means "Lordly", "Belonging to God" or "of the Master". The most promi ...

, layman * Dominic Toai Van Tran, layman and fisherman * Dominic Trach-Doai Duc Vu , Vietnamese priest * Dominic Tuoc Dinh Vu , Vietnamese priest *

Dominic Uy Van Bui Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, catechist *

Dominic Xuyen Van Nguyen Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Emmanuel Phung Van Le Immanuel or Emmanuel (, "God swith us"; Koine Greek: ) is a Hebrew name that appears in the Book of Isaiah (7:14) as a sign that God will protect the House of David. The Gospel of Matthew ( Matthew 1:22 –23) interprets this as a prophecy of ...

, layman * Emmanuel Trieu Van Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Francis Chieu Van Do, catechist *

Francis Gil de Frederich Te Francis may refer to: People and characters *Pope Francis, head of the Catholic Church (2013–2025) *Francis (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters *Francis (surname) * Francis, a character played by YouTuber Boogie29 ...

, Spanish priest * Francis Isidore Gagelin Kinh , French priest * Francis Jaccard Phan , French priest *

Francis Trung Van Tran Francis may refer to: People and characters *Pope Francis, head of the Catholic Church (2013–2025) *Francis (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters *Francis (surname) * Francis, a character played by YouTuber Boogie29 ...

, layman and military officer *

Francis Xavier Can Nguyen Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, catechist * Francis Xavier Mau Trong Ha, catechist *

Hyacinth Casteñeda Gia Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Spanish priest * James Nam Mai Do, Vietnamese priest *

, French priest *

Jerome Hermosilla Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Spanish bishop *

John Dat Viet Doan John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second Ep ...

, Vietnamese priest * John Hoan Trinh Doan, Vietnamese priest *

John Louis Bonnard Huong John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second Ep ...

, French priest *

John Baptist Con Ngoc Tran John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second Ep ...

, layman *

John Baptist Thanh Van Dinh John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second Ep ...

, catechist * Joseph Mary Díaz Sanjurjo , Spanish bishop * Joseph Canh Luong Hoang, layman and doctor * Joseph Fernández de Ventosa , Spanish priest *

Joseph Hien Quang Do Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Vietnamese priest * Joseph Khang Duy Nguyen, catechist *

Joseph Luu Van Nguyen Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, layman * Joseph Marchand , French priest *

Joseph Nghi-Kim Dinh Nguyen Joseph is a common male name, derived from the Hebrew (). "Joseph" is used, along with " Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the modern-day Nordic count ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Joseph Thi Dang Le Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, layman and military officer *

Joseph Uyen Dinh Nguyen Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Vietnamese priest * Joseph Vien Dinh Dang, Vietnamese priest *

Joseph Ta Trong Pham Joseph is a common male name, derived from the Hebrew (). "Joseph" is used, along with " Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the modern-day Nordic count ...

, layman and governor *

Joseph Tuc Quang Pham Joseph is a common male name, derived from the Hebrew (). "Joseph" is used, along with " Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the modern-day Nordic count ...

, layman * Joseph Tuan Van Tran , Vietnamese priest * Joseph Tuan Van Tran, layman * Lawrence Ngon Viet Pham, layman and soldier *

Lawrence Huong Van Nguyen Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Luke Loan Ba Vu Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Vietnamese priest * Luke Thin Trong Pham, layman and governor *

Martin Tho Ngoc Tran Martin may refer to: Places Antarctica * Martin Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land * Port Martin, Adelie Land * Point Martin, South Orkney Islands Europe * Martin, Croatia, a village * Martin, Slovakia, a city * Martín del Río, Aragón, Spain * Mart� ...

, layman * Martin Thinh Duc Ta, Vietnamese priest *

Matthew Alonzo Leciniana Dau Matthew may refer to: * Matthew (given name) * Matthew (surname) * ''Matthew'' (album), a 2000 album by rapper Kool Keith * Matthew (elm cultivar), a cultivar of the Chinese Elm ''Ulmus parvifolia'' Christianity * Matthew the Apostle, one of ...

, OP, Spanish priest * Matthew Phuong-Dac Van Nguyen, layman *

Matthew Gam Van Le Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, layman and merchant * Melchior García Sampedro , Spanish bishop * Michael Hy Dinh Ho, layman and court mandarin *

Michael My Huy Nguyen Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, layman * Nicholas The Duc Bui, layman and soldier * Paul Tong Viet Buong, layman and military officer * Paul Duong-Dong Van Vu, layman *

Paul Hanh Van Tran Paul may refer to: People * Paul (given name), a given name, including a list of people * Paul (surname), a list of people * Paul the Apostle, an apostle who wrote many of the books of the New Testament * Ray Hildebrand, half of the singing duo P ...

, layman *

Paul Khoan Khac Pham Paul may refer to: People * Paul (given name), a given name, including a list of people * Paul (surname), a list of people * Paul the Apostle, an apostle who wrote many of the books of the New Testament * Ray Hildebrand, half of the singing duo P ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Paul Loc Van Le Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, Vietnamese priest * Paul My Van Nguyen, catechist * Paul Ngan Nguyen, Vietnamese priest *

Paul Tinh Bao Le Paul may refer to: People * Paul (given name), a given name, including a list of people * Paul (surname), a list of people * Paul the Apostle, an apostle who wrote many of the books of the New Testament * Ray Hildebrand, half of the singing duo P ...

, Vietnamese priest * Peter Almató , Spanish priest *

Peter Thuan Van Dinh Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...

, layman *

Peter Dung Van Dinh Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, layman *

Peter Da Huu Phan Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...

, layman and carpenter * Peter Duong Van Truong, catechist * Peter Francis Néron , French priest * Peter Hieu Van Nguyen, catechist *

Peter Khanh Hoang Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...

, Vietnamese priest * Peter Khoa Dang Vu, Vietnamese priest * Peter Luu Van Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Peter Qui Cong Doan, Vietnamese priest * Peter Thi Van Truong, Vietnamese priest * Peter Truat Van Vu, catechist *

Peter Tu Van Nguyen Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Peter Tu Khac Nguyen Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...

, catechist * Peter Tuan Ba Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Peter Tuy Le, Vietnamese priest *

Peter Van Van Doan Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, catechist *

Philip Minh Van Phan Philip, also Phillip, is a male name derived from the Greek (''Philippos'', lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of (''philos'', "dear", "loved", "loving") and (''hippos'', "horse"). Prominent Philips who popularized the n ...

, Vietnamese priest *

, French bishop * Simon Hoa Dac Phan, layman and doctor * Stephen Theodore Cuenot The , French bishop *

Stephen Vinh Van Nguyen Stephen or Steven is an English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the firs ...

, layman *

, French priest *

Thomas De Van Nguyen Vietnamese Martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, collectively Martyrs of Annam or formerly Martyrs of Indochina, are saints of the Catholic Church who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of ...

, layman * Thomas Du Viet Dinh, Vietnamese priest * Thomas Thien Van Tran, seminarian *

Thomas Toan Dinh Dao Thomas may refer to: People * List of people with given name Thomas * Thomas (name) * Thomas (surname) * Saint Thomas (disambiguation) * Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church * Thomas the Ap ...

, catechist * Thomas Khuong Tuc Ngo, Vietnamese priest * Valentine Berriochoa, OP, Spanish bishop * Vincent Phạm Hiếu Liêm (Vicente Liêm de la Paz), OP, Vietnamese priest *

Vincent Duong Van Pham Vincent (Latin: ''Vincentius'') is a masculine given name originating from the Roman name ''Vincentius'', which itself comes from the Latin verb ''vincere'', meaning "to conquer." People with the given name Artists *Vincent Apap (1909–2003) ...

, layman *

Vincent Diem The Nguyen Vincent (Latin: ''Vincentius'') is a masculine given name originating from the Roman name ''Vincentius'', which itself comes from the Latin verb ''vincere'', meaning "to conquer." People with the given name Artists *Vincent Apap (1909–2003) ...

, Vietnamese priest *

Vincent Tuong Manh Nguyen Vincent (Latin: ''Vincentius'') is a masculine given name originating from the Roman name ''Vincentius'', which itself comes from the Latin verb ''vincere'', meaning "to conquer." People with the given name Artists *Vincent Apap (1909–2003) ...

, layman and local judge * Vincent Yen Do, OP, Vietnamese priest File:Martyrdom of Joseph Marchand.jpg, Martyrdom of Joseph Marchand, 1835 File:Matyrdom of Saint Pierre Borie 1838 Vietnam.jpg,

Martyrdom A martyr (, ''mártys'', 'witness' stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In colloqui ...

of Saint

Pierre Borie Pierre-Rose-Ursule Dumoulin-Borie (20 February 1808 – 24 November 1838) was a French Catholic missionary priest and a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. He is a Catholic saint, canonized in 1988 along with other Vietnamese Martyrs. ...

, 24 November 1838,

, Vietnam File:Jean-Charles Cornay.jpg, Martyrdom of

in 1837 File:Jean-Theophane Venard.jpg,

in chains, martyred in 1861

Causes being promoted

* Blessed

, catechist *

Servant of God Servant of God () is a title used in the Catholic Church to indicate that an individual is on the first step toward possible canonization as a saint. Terminology The expression ''Servant of God'' appears nine times in the Bible, the first five in ...

François Xavier Truong Buu Diep, Vietnamese priest *

Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn Marcel Van (March 15, 1928 – July 10, 1959), or Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn, was a Vietnamese Redemptorist brother. During his life, he reported receiving locutions and visions from Thérèse of Lisieux, Jesus Christ, and the Blessed Virgin Ma ...

, Religious brother *

Venerable ''The Venerable'' often shortened to Venerable is a style, title, or epithet used in some Christianity, Christian churches. The title is often accorded to holy persons for their spiritual perfection and wisdom. Catholic In the Catholic Churc ...

Phanxicô Xaviê Nguyễn Văn Thuận, Cardinal

Notes

References

* ''Les Missions Etrangères. Trois siecles et demi d'histoire et d'aventure en Asie'', Editions Perrin, 2008, * ''St. Andrew Dung-Lac & Martyrs'', by Father Robert F. McNamara, Saints Alive and All God's Children Copyright 1980–2010 Rev. Robert F. McNamara and St. Thomas the Apostle Church. * ''Vietnamese Martyr Teaches Quiet Lessons'', by Judy Ball, an AmericanCatholic.org Web site from the Franciscans and St. Anthony Messenger Press.

External links

*
"Saints and Blesseds of Vietnam"
at GCatholic {{DEFAULTSORT:Vietnamese Martyrs * Canonizations by Pope John Paul II Catholic martyrs Executed Vietnamese people History of Catholicism in Vietnam Lists of Christian martyrs Lists of saints

Martyrs A martyr (, ''mártys'', 'witness' Word stem, stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In ...

Martyred groups Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII Beatifications by Pope Pius X Beatifications by Pope Pius XII Victims of anti-Catholic violence in Vietnam

History

The Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in the 19th century

List of Vietnamese Martyrs

Causes being promoted

See also

Notes

References

External links