Medina Sidonia is a city and

municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality ...

in the

province of Cádiz Cádiz is a province of southern Spain, in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is the southernmost part of mainland Spain, as well as the southernmost part of continental Europe. It is bordered by the Spanish provinc ...

in the

autonomous community eu, autonomia erkidegoa ca, comunitat autònoma gl, comunidade autónoma oc, comunautat autonòma an, comunidat autonoma ast, comunidá autónoma , alt_name = , map = , category = Autonomous administr ...

Andalusia Andalusia (, ; es, Andalucía ) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a "historical nationality". The ...

, southern

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

. Considered by some to be the oldest city in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...

, it is used as a military defence location because of its elevation. Locals are known as Asidonenses. The city's name comes from

Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the second-holiest city in Islam, and the capital of the ...

(

Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walte ...

for "city") and Sidonia (of

Sidon Sidon ( ; he, צִידוֹן, ''Ṣīḏōn'') known locally as Sayda or Saida ( ar, صيدا ''Ṣaydā''), is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate, of which it is the capital, on the Mediterranean coast ...

) and means "City of Sidon". Medina-Sidonia, one of Spain's most important ducal seats in the 15th century, produced an admiral, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia, who led the

Spanish Armada The Spanish Armada (a.k.a. the Enterprise of England, es, Grande y Felicísima Armada, links=no, lit=Great and Most Fortunate Navy) was a Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, commanded by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, an a ...

against

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...

in 1588. The title of Duque de Medina Sidonia was bestowed upon the family of Guzmán El Bueno for his valiant role in taking the town. The line continues and was led until March 2008 by the controversial socialist Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo, 21st Duchess of Medina Sidonia (born 1936).

History

This city was most likely ancient '' Asido'', an Iberian settlement which may have been founded by the

Phoenicians Phoenicia () was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The territory of the Phoenician city-states extended and shrank throughout their hist ...

, hence the later name ''Sidonia'' reflecting its foundation by

. Its earliest phase is known through its coinage and its 2nd and 1st centuries BC issues bear the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...

inscription ''Asido'' but also

Punic The Punic people, or western Phoenicians, were a Semitic people in the Western Mediterranean who migrated from Tyre, Phoenicia to North Africa during the Early Iron Age. In modern scholarship, the term ''Punic'' – the Latin equivalent of the ...

inscriptions such as sdn'' or ''b'b'l'', with

Herakles Heracles ( ; grc-gre, Ἡρακλῆς, , glory/fame of Hera), born Alcaeus (, ''Alkaios'') or Alcides (, ''Alkeidēs''), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.By his adoptive ...

and

dolphins A dolphin is an aquatic mammal within the infraorder Cetacea. Dolphin species belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontoporiidae (t ...

being notable obverse and reverse designs. The ''

Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World The ''Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World'' is a large-format English language atlas of ancient Europe, Asia, and North Africa, edited by Richard J. A. Talbert. The time period depicted is roughly from archaic Greek civilization (pre- ...

'' equates this site with modern Medina Sidonia - lying within the

ancient Roman In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 B ...

province of

Turdetania Baeturia, Beturia, or Turdetania was a region in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula (in modern Spain) between the Guadiana and the Guadalquivir rivers. In the Iron Age, it was inhabited by Celts and the Turdetani. The territory was conquer ...

some inland from the southern Spanish coast, this site lay upon a hill c. to the east of Gades (modern Cadiz), and to the west of the ''Besilus'' river. MurallasMedina-BarrantesMaldonado

By the 3rd century BC the Romans had gained control over much of southern Spain; once coming under Roman

hegemony Hegemony (, , ) is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states. In Ancient Greece (8th BC – AD 6th ), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of the ''hegemon'' city-state over other city-states. ...

this site was later referred to as Asido Caesarina.[Richard J. A. Talbert et al (2000). ''Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World'' Princeton University Press. Map 26, E5. See CD ROM entry by R.C. Knapp and F.H. Stanley, Jr. on Lusitania-Baetica; see also A. Tovar, Iberische Landeskunde: die Völker und die Städte des antiken Hispanien: Baetica, Zweiter Teil, Band 1, Baden-Baden, 1974.] In 712 the town was Islamic conquest of Spain, conquered by the Muslims, Muslim commander Musa ibn Nusayr, and became the capital of the province of Sidonia in the emirate of Spain. It returned to

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...

hands with

Alfonso X of Castile Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, es, el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Kingdom of Galicia, Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284. During the April 1257 Imperial election, election of 1257, ...

, in 1264, becoming a stronghold along the frontier with the last Muslim country in the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

, the Kingdom of Granada. It was also the seat of several military orders. In 1440, it became part of the lordship of the Dukes of Medina-Sidonia.

Main sights

The town is characterized by medieval walls and tidy, narrow cobbled streets flanked by rows of reja-fronted houses. Sights include: *The

Castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...

(13th-15th centuries) *Roman archaeological complex (1st century AD) *Town Hall (16th century) *La Alameda (16th century) *Ducal Stables (16th century) * Church of Saint Mary the Crowned ( es, Iglesia de Santa María la Coronada) *

Castle of Torre-estrella The Castle of Torre-estrella (Spanish: ''Castillo de Torre-estrella'') is a castle located in Medina Sidonia, Spain. It was declared ''Bien de Interés Cultural A Bien de Interés Cultural is a category of the heritage register in Spain. The ter ...

(13th century)

Gallery

file:CaballerizasDuque.JPG, The Ducal Stables File:Medina sidonia1.jpg File:Parque eólico Los Almeriques, Medina-Sidonia, Cádiz, España (17).JPG, Wind farm File:VistaDesdeMedinaSidonia.jpg File:MedinaSidonia-Vista carretera.JPG File:MedinaSidonia-Vistas001.JPG File:CastilloMedinaSidonia 001.JPG, Medina-Sidonia castle File:IglesiaSantaMaria frontal.JPG, Santa María la Coronada church File:Agripina Maior (M.A.N. Madrid) 01.jpg, Official portrait of

Agrippina the Elder Agrippina "the Elder" (also, in Latin, , "Germanicus's Agrippina"; – AD 33) was a prominent member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (a close supporter of the first Roman emperor, Augustus) and ...

(14 BC–33 AD), found in Medina-Sidonia File:PortadaFeria08.JPG, Feria y Fiestas de Medina-Sidonia 2008 File:IglesiaSantaMaria-Retablo.JPG, Santa María la Coronada church altarpiece File:PatioMedinaSidonia.JPG, Asidonian Patio, Casa Rural Sidonia File:AlfajorGrande-Medina.JPG, Large size Alfajor, Andalusian Christmas pastry

History

Main sights

Gallery

See also