The mass media in Cyprus refers to
mass media
Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place include a variety of outlets.
Broadcast media transmit informati ...
outlets based on the island of
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
, including both the
Republic of Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
(RoC) and the
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus ( tr, Kuzey Kıbrıs), officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC; tr, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, ''KKTC''), is a ''de facto'' state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. Reco ...
(TRNC). Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on
advertising
Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. It is typically used to promote a ...
,
subscription, and other sales-related revenues.
In the 2015 Freedom of the Press report of
Freedom House, the Republic of Cyprus was ranked "free" and scored 25/100 in
press freedom, 5/30 in Legal Environment, 11/40 in Political Environment, and 9/30 in Economic Environment (the lower scores the better).
Reporters Without Borders rank the Republic of Cyprus 24th out of 180 countries in the 2015 World Press Freedom Index, with a score of 15.62
History
In the 1960–75 Cyprus, the media (owned by the government) were deemed not free. The power-sharing agreement among Turkish and Greek communities collapsed in 1963 after
Makarios Macarius is a Latinized form of the old Greek given name Makários (Μακάριος), meaning "happy, fortunate, blessed"; confer the Latin '' beatus'' and ''felix''. Ancient Greeks applied the epithet ''Makarios'' to the gods.
In other langua ...
' attempt at pushing through Constitutional amendments. The Turkish community withdrew from the power-sharing agreements, and media remained under control of the Greek-dominated government.
[Jenifer Whitten-Woodring,Douglas A. Van Belle, ]
Historical Guide to World Media Freedom: A Country-by-Country Analysis
'
The 1974 failed Greek coup triggered the Turkish military intervention and resulted in the division of the island. The partition removed the Turkish population from the Greek Cypriots' political sphere, and media controls were slowly relaxed.
The editorial independence of the state-owned media (on the BBC model) was slowly reinforced in the 1976–77 period, when media in the Republic of Cyprus were deemed "partly free". Few small but free independent media outlets also emerged.
[
By 1977, governmental controls on the media in the Republic of Cyprus had been removed and the media started to be deemed "free". The 1989 Press Law allowed privatisation and reinforced journalists' protections.][
]
Legislative framework
; Republic of Cyprus
The Constitution of Cyprus
The Constitution of Cyprus is a document, ratified on August 16, 1960, that serves as the Supreme Law of the Republic of Cyprus (Suprema Lex Cypri) defining the system of government of the Cypriot Republc and the civil liberties for the Cypriot ci ...
guarantees freedom of speech and of expression (art. 19): «Every person has the right to freedom of speech and expression in any form. This right includes freedom to hold opinions and receive and impart information and ideas without interference by any public authority and regardless of frontiers.»[Government of Cyprus]
Press and Information Office
These are generally respected in practice by the government. The press of the Republic of Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
is seen as "vibrant" and does not shy from criticising authorities.[ Freedom House]
2014 Cyprus
Freedom of the Press report
The 1989 RoC Press Law supports press freedom by guaranteeing the circulation of newspapers, journalists' right not to reveal sources, and public access to information. Libel and defamation are decriminalised and remain as civil offenses.[
Cypriot and foreign journalists have the right to free access to state sources of information, freedom to seek and acquire information from any competent authority of the Republic and the freedom to make this public. Information can only be withhold for state or public security, constitutional or public order, public morals or the protection of the honour and rights of third parties.][
Cyprus does not have a specific ]freedom of information
Freedom of information is freedom of a person or people to publish and consume information. Access to information is the ability for an individual to seek, receive and impart information effectively. This sometimes includes "scientific, Indigeno ...
(FOI) law (the only EU member state, with Spain, in such a condition), although a draft law was being prepared in late 2013.[
Cypriot and foreign journalists have the right to protect their sources and not to give testimony without liability, unless when the published information concerns a criminal offence. In that case the journalist may be requirest to reveal her/his source, given that the information is clearly related to the criminal offence, it cannot be obtained otherwise, and there exist a superior and imperative public interest that require that the information be revealed.][
A ]right to reply
''Right to Reply'' (sometimes called ''R2R'') is a British television series shown on Channel 4 from 1982 until 2001, which allowed viewers to voice their complaints or concerns about TV programmes. It featured reports, usually presented by a v ...
exists for persons, organisations or public institutions that are named or indirectly referred to in a report or article, if they consider it as untrue or misleading. Their reply must be published, free of charge, within three days of its receipt, giving it the same prominence as the initial report.[
The law provides for freedom of speech and ]press
Press may refer to:
Media
* Print media or news media, commonly called "the press"
* Printing press, commonly called "the press"
* Press (newspaper), a list of newspapers
* Press TV, an Iranian television network
People
* Press (surname), a fam ...
, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.[
In 2015 a bill criminalizing denial of war crimes recognised by the Parliament (punished with prison terms of up to five years and a €10,000 fine) raised concerns (e.g. by the OSCE RFoM) about compliance with international freedom of expression standards.
; Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
The law protects press freedom in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and internet access is not restricted. Some media institutions and journalists are openly critical of the government, independent media is active and expresses a wide variety of views. Some journalists have expressed concerns about privacy laws passed in 2014 that could potentially limit investigative journalism.]
Status and self-regulation of journalists
Journalists, gathered in the Cyprus Union of Journalists, resort to self-regulation to address complaints about professional standards,[ based on a 1997 Code of Conduct and an Ethics Commission monitoring its implementation.][
The Cyprus Media Complaints Commission (CMCC), established in May 1997, is a press council responsible for the self-regulation of the written and electronic news media, independent from government interference or judicial supervision.
]
Media outlets
Print media
The print press in the Republic of Cyprus include 7 daily newspapers and 31 weeklies, often linked to political parties.[ As of 2009 there were 9 dailies with an average circulation of 100,000.][
Daily newspapers include '']Alithia
''Alithia'' ( el, Η Αλήθεια, meaning "The Truth") is one of the largest newspapers by circulation in Cyprus, with about 11,000 copies daily. It is headquartered in Nicosia and connected with the leadership of the conservative Democratic R ...
'', ''Haravgi
''Haravgi'' ( el, Χαραυγή / "Dawn") is a Greek language newspaper published in Cyprus since 1956. It is one of the largest newspapers on the island and is affiliated to AKEL, the Progressive Party of Working People.{{cite book , last1=Ch ...
'', '' Makhi'', ''Phileleftheros
''O Phileleftheros'' ( el, Ὁ Φιλελεύθερος, meaning "The Liberal") is the largest newspaper (by circulation) in Cyprus, with about 26,000 copies daily (2002). Established in 1955, it is also the oldest Greek-language daily newspaper i ...
'', '' Politis'', ''Simerini
''I Simerini'' (English: The Daily) is a centre-right Greek language independently owned newspaper published in Cyprus since 1976. It is one of the largest newspapers on the island with a daily circulation of around 9,000 copies. Other daily Greek ...
''. ''Kypriaki'' has been discontinued. English-language press include the ''Cyprus Mail
The ''Cyprus Mail'' is the only English-language daily newspaper published in Cyprus. Established in 1945, it is published every day except Monday, and most of the local articles are available on its website.
History
With the demise of the '' ...
'' and the ''Cyprus Reporter'' (''The Cyprus Times
''The Cyprus Times,'' also known at ''The Times of Cyprus'' was an English-language newspaper published in Larnaca, in Cyprus from 1880, following the island becoming a British protectorate in 1878. It was founded by Edward Henry Vizetelly, who a ...
'' has been discontinued). The online press include CyprusNews.Live, CyprusNews.eu, onlycy, News In Cyprus, and Supermpala (sport magazine). Weeklies include '' Kathimerini'' (in Greek) and several English-language magazines: '' Cyprus Dialogue'', '' Cyprus Observer'', ''Cyprus Today
''Cyprus Today'' is the leading English-language newspaper
A newspaper is a Periodical literature, periodical publication containing written News, information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray backgro ...
'', '' Cyprus Weekly'', ''Financial Mirror
{{Infobox Newspaper ,
, name =
, image = Financial Mirror cover.jpg
, image_size = 270px
, caption =
, type = Weekly newspaper
, format =
, foundation = 1993
, publisher =Masis der Parthogh
, po ...
''.
EU citizens can issue print publications without restrictions or authorisations, only by registering before a District Court Registrar of the Republic, which forward it to the Press and Information Office (PIO), which issue a receipt. This is to be renewed in case of change of ownership.[Registration of newspapers]
/ref>
Non-EU citizens require a permit from the Minister of the Interior to publish a newspaper or a magazine in Cyprus. The permit is conditional and non-transferable, and may be revoked if the conditions are breached. Editorial and printing activities must be carried out in Cyprus.[
In Northern Cyprus several local dailies in Turkish language are available, although mainland Turkish papers are generally preferred.][ '' Kıbrıs'' has by far the highest circulation. The U.S. Department of State reported in 2002 that there were opposition newspapers which often criticized the government.][2002 Report on Human Rights in Cyprus]
U.S. Department of State, retrieved on April 21, 2011.
Northern Cyprus dailies include '' Afrika'', '' Avrupa'' '' Demokrat Bakış'' , '' Detay'' , ''Diyalog ''Diyalog'' ( Turkish for "dialogue") is a daily newspaper published in Northern Cyprus. Its first issue was published on 4 December 2013. Its editor in chief is Reşat Akar, who also owns 20% of the newspaper; the remaining 80% is owned by Net Hol ...
'', '' Haberdar'' , ''Halkın Sesi'', '' Havadis'', '' Kıbrıs'' , '' Kıbrıs Postası'', '' Kıbrıslı'', '' Realist'', ''Star Kıbrıs
''Star Kıbrıs'' (''Star Cyprus'') is a daily newspaper published in Northern Cyprus. It was established in 2007 by Ali Özmen Safa.Today's Zaman
''Today's Zaman'' (Zaman is Turkish for 'time' or 'age') was an English-language daily newspaper ...
'', ''Vatan'', ''Volkan Volkan is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Given name
* Volkan Altın (born 1986), Turkish professional footballer who currently plays as a defensive midfielder
* Volkan Arslan, (born 1978), Turkish football player in midfield po ...
'' , ''Yeni Düzen
''Yeni Düzen'' or ''Yenidüzen'' is a daily newspaper published in Northern Cyprus. Its current editor in chief is Cenk Mutluyakalı. As of July 2014, it consisted of 24 pages and its daily circulation was 4700.
The newspaper belongs to the Rep ...
''. Weeklies include '' Cümbez'', '' Cyprus Dialogue'', '' Cyprus Observer'', ''Cyprus Today
''Cyprus Today'' is the leading English-language newspaper
A newspaper is a Periodical literature, periodical publication containing written News, information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray backgro ...
'', '' Ekonomi'', '' Star International'', '' Yeniçağ''.
Publishing
Radio broadcasting
A mixture of state and privately run radio services; the public broadcaster operates 4 radio stations; in addition a number of private radio stations are available; in Northern Cyprus, there are 4 public radio stations as well as privately owned radio broadcast stations (2007).["Communications"]
Cyprus
''The World Factbook
''The World Factbook'', also known as the ''CIA World Factbook'', is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world. The official print version is availabl ...
''. Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
., published 5 December 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
has a thriving radio landscape, with 93% of Greek Cypriots
Greek Cypriots or Cypriot Greeks ( el, Ελληνοκύπριοι, Ellinokýprioi, tr, Kıbrıs Rumları) are the ethnic Greek population of Cyprus, forming the island's largest ethnolinguistic community. According to the 2011 census, 659,115 ...
tuning in every day. Most stations broadcast in FM, and there's a mixture of state and private-run stations. This article lists all radio stations broadcasting in the southern part of Cyprus, and overviews the major stations broadcasting from the Northern Cyprus. The British sovereign military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Akrotiri and Dhekelia, officially the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA),, ''Periochés Kyríarchon Váseon Akrotiríou ke Dekélias''; tr, Ağrotur ve Dikelya İngiliz Egemen Üs Bölgeleri is a British Overseas Territory o ...
also operate radio transmitters. In addition to domestic broadcasts, Cyprus hosts international broadcast centres beaming content to the Middle East.
The Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation
Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation ( gr, Ραδιοφωνικό Ίδρυμα Κύπρου , tr, Kıbrıs Radyo Yayın Kurumu), or CyBC (ΡΙΚ, KRYK), is Cyprus' public broadcasting service. It transmits island-wide on four radio and two domestic ...
charter mandates a diverse radio programme with national coverage. It currently produces 4 radio programmes. The table below only includes high-power transmitters and omits low-power transmitters that serve as gap-fillers for areas with difficult reception.
Four medium wave stations broadcast to the Middle East from Cyprus. The BBC Arabic service transmitter is located at Zygi, Limassol. Another BBC MW transmitter is located within the sovereign bases area. The rest broadcast from Cape Greco
Cape Greco, also known as Capo Greco (Italian for "Greek cape"; el, Κάβο Γκρέκο), is a headland in the southeastern part of the island of Cyprus. It is at the southern end of Famagusta Bay and forms part of Ayia Napa Municipality. It ...
, Famagusta. Although not the target audience, all stations can be received from within Cyprus.
When Turkish Cypriots withdrew from all official positions in the Republic of Cyprus in the aftermath of the intercommunal clashes in 1963–64, Bayrak
Bayrak Radio and Television Corporation ( tr, Bayrak Radyo Televizyon Kurumu; BRT), is the official radio and television broadcasting corporation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
History
The establishment of BRT dates back to the ...
assumed the role of the public broadcaster for the Turkish Cypriot enclaves first, and Northern Cyprus after 1974. It currently produces 6 radio programmes, on FM, MW and SW.
Television broadcasting
A mixture of state and privately run TV services; the RoC public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey are available; in Northern Cyprus, there are 2 public TV stations, and privately owned TV broadcast stations (2007).
Television
Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertisin ...
in Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
was introduced in 1956. Private TV was introduced on 26 April 1992, by LOGOS TV which started its transmissions in STEREO and TELETEXT from day one. The first private TV station of Cyprus was owned and operated by the Church of Cyprus. In August, 1995, the same station introduced the first ISP in Cyprus, LOGOSNET. The Republic of Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
currently uses the PAL
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 ...
colour system, and has converted terrestrial transmissions to digital on 1 July 2011, in line with EU policy. The analogue switch-off has led to several local TV stations shutting down for being unable to sustain the costs of compulsory nationwide digital transmission.[
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...
.
Because of the political division of the island, television companies are also divided.
The
(CyBC, el, ΡΙΚ, tr, KRYK) is the state-funded broadcasting organization in the Republic of Cyprus, with three television channels and four radio stations, although there are also privately owned radio and TV stations.
Terrestrial digital transmission is now available in the Republic of Cyprus (parallel analogue transmissions ended on 1 July 2011). Satellite digital transmission is available through the
platform.
, another provider, was launched in 2005 but ceased operations in 2008.
through its privately owned cable network (in certain urban areas).
Greek and Turkish mainland broadcasts are accessible throughout the island.