''Mecistotrachelos'' is an

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

genus of gliding

reptile Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates (lizards and snakes) and rhynchocephalians ( ...

believed to be an archosauromorph, distantly related to

crocodylians Crocodilia (or Crocodylia, both ) is an Order (biology), order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 95 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous Period (geology), period (Cenomanian St ...

and dinosaurs. The type and only known species is ''M. apeoros''. This

specific name Specific name may refer to: * in Database management systems, a system-assigned name that is unique within a particular database In taxonomy, either of these two meanings, each with its own set of rules: * Specific name (botany), the two-part (bino ...

translates to "soaring longest neck", in reference to its gliding habits and long neck. This superficially lizard-like animal was able to spread its lengthened ribs and glide on wing-like membranes. ''Mecistotrachelos'' had a much longer neck than other gliding reptiles of the Triassic such as '' Icarosaurus'' and ''

Kuehneosaurus ''Kuehneosaurus'' is an extinct genus of Late Triassic kuehneosaurid reptile known from the Late Triassic ( Norian stage) of the Penarth Group of southwest England and the Steinmergel Group of Luxembourg. Temperature at this stage and region w ...

''. It was probably an arboreal insectivore.

Discovery

''Mecistotrachelos'' is known from several fossil specimens excavated from the Solite quarry from the

Cow Branch Formation The Cow Branch Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian, or Tuvalian in the regional stratigraphy) geologic formation in the eastern United States.Virginia- North Carolina border. However, only two of these have been formally described in a scientific journal. The first fossil was found in 1994 and the second fossil eight years later by Nick Fraser, a vertebrate paleontologist at the Virginia Museum of Natural History. The first fossil, VMNH 3649, is the holotype of the genus and is preserved completely articulated, although missing the tail, hindlimbs, and most of the pelvic girdle. The second fossil, VMNH 3650, is sometimes considered a paratype and is more complete, only missing part of the tail as well as the left hindlimb. The Solite quarry was once a large lake and surrounding wetland which formed in a rift when Pangaea started to break up during the Late Carnian stage of the Triassic, about 230 million years ago. It held abundant populations of insects and the

tanystropheid Tanystropheidae is an extinct family of mostly marine archosauromorph reptiles that lived throughout the Triassic Period. They are characterized by their long, stiff necks formed from elongated cervical vertebrae with very long cervical ribs. Som ...

reptile ''

Tanytrachelos ''Tanytrachelos'' is an extinct genus of tanystropheid archosauromorph reptile from the Late Triassic of the eastern United States. It contains a single species, ''Tanytrachelos ahynis'', which is known from several hundred fossil specimens pres ...

''. The fossils of the Solite quarry are often preserved as dark grey bones embedded in dark grey

mudstone Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from '' shale'' by its lack of fissility (parallel layering).Blatt, H., and R.J. Tracy, 1996, ''Petrology. ...

, and are thus usually very difficult to observe and prepare. As a result, the ''Mecistotrachelos'' specimens had to be

CT scan A computed tomography scan (CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body. The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers ...

ned to be properly described. This makes ''Mecistotrachelos'' one of the first extinct animals to be described based almost entirely on CT scan data.

Description

The skull is lightly built and pointed, and there is some evidence for holes in the back of the head, indicating that the animal was a diapsid reptile. The neck is long, consisting of 8 or 9 cervical vertebrae. These vertebrae are elongated but seemingly lack visible cervical ribs, although it is possible that they were too thin or close to the vertebrae to be preserved as separate structures. 13 or 14 dorsal (back) vertebrae were present, a condition similar to most diapsids. The first few dorsals were short and almost all of the dorsals had bony prongs (transverse processes) sticking out of their sides. The tail is missing or incomplete in the described specimens. Specific details of the pectoral and pelvic girdles cannot be identified in the CT scans. The limbs are long and slender, with the hind limbs slightly longer than the front limbs. The manus (hand) had five fingers while the pes (foot) had short metatarsals and an indeterminate number of toes which seemed to have hooked inwards, at least in VMNH 3650. The most unusual and characteristic feature of this genus relates to its ribs. While the first dorsal rib was quite short, at least the next 8 (termed 'thoracolumbar ribs') were very long. They had robust attachment points (particularly the first few) and curved backwards slightly before straightening and tapering. This contrasts with the gliding ribs of kuehneosaurids, which were straight before curving backwards and downwards. The longest ribs were attached to the third and fourth vertebrae, after which they started to decrease in size. At their longest point (~70 centimeters or 28 inches in VMNH 3650) they were a bit less than half the total estimated length of the animal.

Paleobiology

The long ribs of ''Mecistotrachelos'' almost certainly were covered with some form of skin which facilitated gliding habits. In addition, the flexible hind limbs with "hooked" toes preserved in VMNH 3650 indicate that it was well-adapted for an arboreal habitat. However, the long and rigid neck would have hampered gliding abilities. The small teeth of ''Mecistotrachelos'' would have been suitable for an

insectivorous A robber fly eating a hoverfly An insectivore is a carnivorous animal or plant that eats insects. An alternative term is entomophage, which can also refer to the human practice of eating insects. The first vertebrate insectivores were ...

diet. Unlike in kuehneosaurids, which had downward-curving "wings", the ribs of ''Mecistotrachelos'' were mostly straight, and were not naturally cambered to create an

airfoil An airfoil (American English) or aerofoil (British English) is the cross-sectional shape of an object whose motion through a gas is capable of generating significant lift, such as a wing, a sail, or the blades of propeller, rotor, or turbine. ...

. However, if the front ribs could be flexed independently of the others, it is possible that a ''Mecistotrachelos'' would have been able to create a variable airfoil. The front ribs would function as a pteroid bone in pterosaurs or an alula in birds, increasing or decreasing drag depending on their position. The robust rib heads of these front ribs also support this hypothesis. The skull of VMNH 3649 is comparatively larger than that of VMNH 3650, but the forelimbs are shorter. This may be an example of sexual dimorphism.

Classification

''Mecistotrachelos'' can be characterized by its long ribs which would have supported a gliding membrane in life. However, it was far from the only rib-gliding reptile in prehistory. In the Permian lived the weigeltisaurids, primitive reptiles with small spiked crests. There are also various different gliding

lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...

s, such as '' Draco'' (the flying dragon) of the modern day as well as ''

Xianglong ''Xianglong'' (meaning "flying dragon" in Chinese) is a genus of Cretaceous lizard discovered in the Zhuanchengzi, near Yizhou, Yixian, Liaoning Province of China.

'' from the early Cretaceous. The only other Triassic rib-gliding reptiles were the kuehneosaurids, which are usually interpreted as

lepidosauromorphs Lepidosauromorpha (in PhyloCode known as ''Pan-Lepidosauria'') is a group of reptiles comprising all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs (which include crocodiles and birds). The only living sub-group is the Lepidosauria, which contains ...

distantly related to

rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia (; ) is an order of lizard-like reptiles that includes only one living species, the tuatara (''Sphenodon punctatus'') of New Zealand. Despite its current lack of diversity, during the Mesozoic rhynchocephalians were a diverse g ...

ns (such as the tuatara) and squamates (such as lizards and snakes). Oddly enough, ''Mecistotrachelos'' shares few features with any of these groups, apart from its gliding adaptations and general body shape. Instead, the pointed skull and long neck of this genus is more reminiscent of early archosauromorphs, also known as " protorosaurs". Archosauromorpha is the lineage which would eventually lead to crocodilians and dinosaurs (including birds), but early representatives superficially resembled long-necked lizards (despite true lizards being on a different reptilian lineage). However, few skull details can be observed in the CT scans to clarify this classification. ''Mecistotrachelos'' is not the only putative "protorosaur" with gliding adaptations. ''

Sharovipteryx ''Sharovipteryx'' ("Sharov's wing", known until 1981 as ''Podopteryx'', "foot wing"), is a genus of early gliding reptiles containing the single species ''Sharovipteryx mirabilis''. It is known from a single fossil and is the only glider with a m ...

'', a genus from Kazakhstan, preserved skin impressions stretching between its long legs and its tail. However, this form of gliding contrasts with the rib gliding of ''Mecistotrachelos'', and they are probably not particularly closely related even if they are both archosauromorphs.

References

External links

VMNH Paleontology lab blog post on ''Mecistotrachelos apeoros''.

Video CT scan
of the holotype specimen (VMNH 3649).
Video CT scan
of a referred specimen (VMNH 3650). {{Taxonbar, from=Q16985248 Prehistoric archosauromorphs Prehistoric reptile genera Carnian genera Late Triassic reptiles of North America Fossil taxa described in 2007