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Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types:
# those that aim to determine a material's
There exists a large number of tests, many of which are standardized, to determine the various mechanical properties of materials. In general, such tests set out to obtain geometry-independent properties; i.e. those intrinsic to the bulk material. In practice this is not always feasible, since even in tensile tests, certain properties can be influenced by specimen size and/or geometry. Here is a listing of some of the most common tests:Ed. Gale, W.F.; Totemeier, T.C. (2004), Smithells Metals Reference Book (8th Edition), Elsevier
* Hardness Testing
**
mechanical properties
A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one mate ...
, independent of geometry.
# those that determine the response of a structure to a given action, e.g. testing of composite beams, aircraft structures to destruction, etc.
Mechanical testing of materials
There exists a large number of tests, many of which are standardized, to determine the various mechanical properties of materials. In general, such tests set out to obtain geometry-independent properties; i.e. those intrinsic to the bulk material. In practice this is not always feasible, since even in tensile tests, certain properties can be influenced by specimen size and/or geometry. Here is a listing of some of the most common tests:Ed. Gale, W.F.; Totemeier, T.C. (2004), Smithells Metals Reference Book (8th Edition), Elsevier
* Hardness Testing
**Vickers hardness test
The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell scale, Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers test is often easier to use than ot ...
(HV), which has one of the widest scales
** Brinell hardness test (HB)
** Knoop hardness test (HK), for measurement over small areas
**Janka hardness test
The Janka hardness test (; ), created by Austrian-born American researcher Gabriel Janka (1864–1932), measures the resistance of a sample of wood to denting and wear. It measures the force required to embed an steel ball halfway into a sample ...
, for wood
** Meyer hardness test
** Rockwell hardness test (HR), principally used in the USA
** Shore durometer hardness, used for polymers
** Barcol hardness test, for composite materials
* Tensile testing, used to obtain the stress-strain curve for a material, and from there, properties such as Young modulus, yield (or proof) stress, tensile stress and % elongation to failure.
*Impact testing
** Izod test
** Charpy test
*Fracture toughness
In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp Fracture, crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. It is a material property that quantifies its ability to resist crac ...
testing
**Linear-elastic (KIc)
**K–R curve
**Elastic plastic (JIc, CTOD)
* Creep Testing, for the mechanical behaviour of materials at high temperatures (relative to their melting point)
* Fatigue Testing, for the behaviour of materials under cyclic loading
**Load-controlled smooth specimen tests
**Strain-controlled smooth specimen tests
**Fatigue crack growth testing
*Non-Destructive Testing
Nondestructive testing (NDT) is any of a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and technology industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.
The terms nondestructive examination (NDE), n ...
References
General references
* * * * {{Authority control Materials science Materials testing Tests