The following are the basic measurements of land used in the
Punjab region
Punjab (; Punjabi Language, Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also Romanization, romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the I ...
, divided between
Indian
Indian or Indians may refer to:
Peoples South Asia
* Indian people, people of Indian nationality, or people who have an Indian ancestor
** Non-resident Indian, a citizen of India who has temporarily emigrated to another country
* South Asia ...
and
Pakistani Punjab and many parts of North
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
and
Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
in ascending order.
Current standard measurement of farm land
All Units
1 karam X 1 karam = 1 sq. karam
5.5 feet X 5.5 feet = 30.25 sq. feet
30.25 square feet = 1 Sarsai
9 Sarsai (Sq. Karam) = 1 Marla
36 Sarsai (Sq. Karam) = 1 Biswa
20 Marlas = 1 Kanal
20 Biswas = 1 Bigha
4 Kanals = 1 Bigha
8 Kanals = 1 Killa(Acre)
2 Bighas = 1 Killa(Acre)
2.5 Killas(Acres) = 1 Hectare
25 Killas(Acres) = 1 Murabba
This the current standard system of measurement of farm land.
Muraba-Killa-Bigha system
* one 'karam' is 5.5 ft
* one 'Sq. Karam' is 'One Sarsai' = (5.5 x 5.5) = 30.25 Sq. Feet
* one 'marla' is 9 (Sarsai) square karams = 9 x (5.5x5.5) = 272.25 Sq ft =30.25 Sq yard.
* one 'kanaal' is 20 marlas (5,445 sq ft) = 605 Sq.yard (Gajz)
* one 'bigha' is 20 biswa (21,780 sq ft)
* one 'bigha' = 20 nisa
* one 'bigha' = 4 kanals
* 5 'kanaals' (27225 sq. ft) = 5x605 = 100 marla = 3025 sq.yd. (gajz)
* one 'killa' is of 8 kanaals = 8x605 = 4840sq.yd. (gajz)
* one 'murabba' is 25 killas (1,089,000 sq ft = 25 acres)
* 1 hectare is 2.47 Acres
*
Killa or acre measurements
A killa or acre is measured
rectangularly, reckoned as an area 36 karams (198 ft) x 40 karams (220 ft) (43,560 square ft). 1
/5th of a killa or acre is known as bigha
* 1 Karam = 5.5 feet = 1.83
#
* '
' or Gaj
* 1 Yard or Gaj = 36 Inch = 0.91 Metre = 3 feet
* 1 Sq Yard = 9 Sq Feet
* To convert Sq feet to Sq Yard = Divide by 9
* 1 Marla is 30.25 Sq Yard ( 272.25 sq feet)
* 1 Kanal is 605 sq Yard ( 5445 sq feet)
* 1 Acre is 4840 Sq Yard
Units of measurements in
Sindh (Pakistan)
Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...
Following are the current units of measurement in Sindh residential as well as open / agricultural land.
* 1 Athaas = 4 Acres
* 1 Acre = 2 Jarebs = 43,560 Sq.ft = 4,840 Sq.yd
* 1 Jareb = 20 Wiswa = 21,780 Sq.ft = 2,420 Sq.yd
* 1 Wiswa = 1089 Sq.ft = 121 Sq.yd = 33 x 33 feet
Measurements of residential properties
Kothis (residential homes) and
havelis
A ''haveli'' is a traditional townhouse, mansion, manor house, in the Indian subcontinent, usually one with historical and architectural significance, and located in a town or city. The word ''haveli'' is derived from Arabic ''hawali'', meani ...
(traditional mansions) are measured in marlas and kanaals. Most are two to four kanaals but the big ones can be anything from four to six kanaals.
Units of measurements in Haryana
Following are the current units of measurement as per
HALRIS
HALRIS (Haryana Land Record Information System) is a Visual Basic/Microsoft SQL Server based software system used by the Haryana government for the computerisation of land records in its tehsils. It was developed by National Informatics Centre - H ...
.
[Haryana jamabandi Units of measurements]
, HALRIS
HALRIS (Haryana Land Record Information System) is a Visual Basic/Microsoft SQL Server based software system used by the Haryana government for the computerisation of land records in its tehsils. It was developed by National Informatics Centre - H ...
. Different areas have different size of Bigha,
[ hence this system is no longer used since 1957 when it was replaced by the standardised Acre-Kanal-Marla based meter system.
Acre-Kanal-Marla system (currently used, standardised metre system)
* 1 Karam = 66 inch
* 1 Sarsari = 1 Karam X 1 Karam
* 9 Sarsari = 1 Marla
* 20 Marla = 1 Kanal
* 8 Kanal = 1 Acre (Ghumman)
* 1 Acre = 36 Karam (north to south) X 40 Karam (east to west)
Bigha-Biswa system conversion to current Acre system
* 1 Karam = 57.157 inch
* 1 Biswansi = 1 Karam X 1 Karam
* 20 Biswansi = 1 Biswa
* 20 Biswa = 1 Bigha
* 4 Bigha और 16 Biswa = 1 Acre
Killa-Biswa-Bigha system (old system, no longer used since 1957)
* 1 Karam = 57.157 inch
* 20 Biswansi = 1 Biswa
* 20 Biswa = 1 Bigha
* 4 Bigha = 1 Killa (40 Karam X 40 Karam)
]
Historic units of measurements
This measure was used in the revenue settlement of the districts of Delhi, Hisar, Rohtak
Rohtak () is a city and the administrative headquarters of the Rohtak district in the Indian state of Haryana. It lies north-west of New Delhi and south of the state capital Chandigarh on NH 9(old NH 10). Rohtak forms a part of the National ...
, Ambala
Ambala () is a city and a municipal corporation in Ambala district in the state of Haryana, India, located on the border with the Indian state of Punjab and in proximity to both states capital Chandigarh. Politically, Ambala has two sub-are ...
, Karnal
Karnal ( is a city located in the state of Haryana, India and is the administrative headquarters of Karnal District. It was used by East India Company army as a refuge during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in Delhi. The Battle of Karnal between ...
, Fazilka
Fazilka, also known as Bangla, is a city and a municipal council in Fazilka district of Punjab, India. In 2011, it was made the headquarter of the newly created Fazilka district. The Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline (TAPI) project originating in Tu ...
, Ferozepur
Firozpur, also known as Ferozepur, is a city on the banks of the Sutlej River in Firozpur District, Punjab, India. After the partition of India in 1947, it became a border town on the India–Pakistan border with memorials to soldiers who died ...
and Ludhiana
Ludhiana ( ) is the most populous and the largest Cities in India, city in the Indian state of Punjab, India, Punjab. The city has an estimated population of 1,618,879 2011 Indian census, 2011 census and distributed over , making Ludhiana the ...
during British Raj.[British raj measurements]
/ref> This is now not used.
* 1 Bigha = 0.20 acres or 4.8 Bighas = 1 acre
Historic measurements in Punjab
These are now outdated and have been standardised as above after the consolidation of land in Haryana and Punjab post-independence.
* one biswa = 15 Sq karams; 12 biswas = 1 kanaal (605 gaz)
* one bigha = 60 biswas - 3025 square yards - 2530 sq m
Consolidated areas
In all areas settled
A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area.
A settler who migrates to an area previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited may be described as a pioneer.
Settle ...
and consolidated on the basis of the standard measure of 66 inches i.e. Karam or Gatha:
* 1 Sq. Karam or Sarsahi 3.0896352 Sq.yds say 30.56
* 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 30.249999 Sq.yds say 30.25 Sq.yds.
* 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 604.99996 Sq.yds say 605 Sq.yds.
* 160 Marlas or 8 Kanals 4839.99998 Sq.yds.say 4840 Sq.yds. (1 acre or 1 killa)
Non-consolidated areas
These areas have been all consolidated as per the standard system now. These are older measurements from during the British Raj
The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent;
*
* it is also called Crown rule in India,
*
*
*
*
or Direct rule in India,
* Quote: "Mill, who was himsel ...
prior to these areas were consolidated. In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local measUte and the non-consolidated areas of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, (except Shahpur Hill Circle and Chak Andar in Pathankot tehsil), Ferozepur (except Fazilka) and the erstwhile princely State of Faridkot. Also applicable for Lahore (Pakistan):
* 1 Karam 60 inches
* 1 Sq. Karam or Sarsahi 2.777777 Sq. yds.
* 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 24.999999 Sq. yards say 25 Sq.yards.
* 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 499.9999 Sq. yards say 500 Sq.yards
* 193.60 Marlas (9 Kanals1 Acre or 4840 Sq.yds 13 Marlas 5 Sarsahis)
Consolidated areas based on non-standard measures
In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non-consolidated areas of Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Anandpur Sahib (Ropar) and the Shahpur hill Circle in Gurdaspur District during the British Raj.
* 1 Karam 57.5 inches
* 1 Sq. Karam or Sarsahi 2.5511188 Sq.yds.
* 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 22.960069 Sq.yards say 22.96 Sq.yds
* 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 459.20138 Sq.yards say 459 Sq.yards.
* 210.8 Marlas 10.54 Kanals 1 Acre or 4840 Sq.yds
Consolidated areas based on non-standard measures in erstwhile princely State of Kapurthala
In the area consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non-consolidated areas of the erstwhile princely State of Kapurthala:
* 1 Karam 54 inches
* 1 Sq. Karam or Sarsahi = 2.25 Sq.yds.
* 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla = 20.25 Sq.yards
* 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal = 405 Sq.yards.
* 239 Marlas(11 Kanals 19 Marlas) = 1 Acre or 4840 Sq.yds.
1 Karam or Gat ha x 1 Karam or Gatha
1 Sq. Karam or Biswansi 20 Biswansis
1 Biswa 20 Biswa 1 Satty 2
Meaning of Terms used in Mutation (Jamabandi/Farad
For Agricultural Land
* Gair Mumkin: Not useful for cultivation e.g mountainous etc
* Chahi: Irrigated by tubewells
* Khudkasht: Cultivated by self, not given to someone else.
See also
* Banjar, Jungle, Abadi, Shamlat, Gair Mumkin
* Barani, Nahri, Chahi, Taal
* Bigha
* Doab
''Doab'' () is a term used in South Asia Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec. (with) the area between the rivers Ganges and Jumna in northern India." for the tract ...
* Haryana Land Record Information System
* Khadir and Bangar
Khādir or Khadar and Bangar, Bāngur or Bhangar (Hindi language: खादर और बांगर, Urdu languageکهادر اور بانگر) are terms used in Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi in the Indo-Gangetic plains of North India an ...
* Khasra
A Khasra Girdawari ( Hindustani: ख़सरा or خسره گرداوری) is a legal Revenue Department document used in India and Pakistan that specifies land and crop details. It is often used in conjunction with a '' shajra'' (or ''shajra k ...
* Patwari
A Village accountant or Patwari (Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal), Talati (Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra) or Lekhpal (Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), is an administrative government position in rural areas of the Indian subcontinent ...
* Shajra
A shujra or shujrah is a detailed village map that is used for legal (land ownership) and administrative purposes in India and Pakistan. A ''shujra'' maps out the village lands into land parcels and gives each parcel a unique number. The ''patwari ...
* Zaildar
Zaildar was the title of the grand jagirdars (landlords) of the area, who were in charge of a Zail which was an administrative unit of group of villages during the British Indian Empire. The Settlement Officer, with the advice of the Deputy Co ...
*
References
{{reflist
Units of measurement
Punjab
Economic history of India
Economic history of Pakistan
Metrication