In
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
, the McKay graph of a finite-dimensional representation of a finite
group
A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together.
Groups of people
* Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity
* Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic ide ...
is a weighted
quiver
A quiver is a container for holding arrows, bolts, ammo, projectiles, darts, or javelins. It can be carried on an archer's body, the bow, or the ground, depending on the type of shooting and the archer's personal preference. Quivers were trad ...
encoding the structure of the
representation theory
Representation theory is a branch of mathematics that studies abstract algebraic structures by ''representing'' their elements as linear transformations of vector spaces, and studies modules over these abstract algebraic structures. In essen ...
of . Each node represents an irreducible representation of . If are irreducible representations of , then there is an arrow from to if and only if is a constituent of the
tensor product
In mathematics, the tensor product V \otimes W of two vector spaces and (over the same field) is a vector space to which is associated a bilinear map V\times W \to V\otimes W that maps a pair (v,w),\ v\in V, w\in W to an element of V \otimes W ...
Then the weight of the arrow is the number of times this constituent appears in
For finite subgroups of the McKay graph of is the McKay graph of the canonical representation of .
If has irreducible characters, then the
Cartan matrix In mathematics, the term Cartan matrix has three meanings. All of these are named after the French mathematician Élie Cartan. Amusingly, the Cartan matrices in the context of Lie algebras were first investigated by Wilhelm Killing, whereas the Ki ...
of the representation of dimension is defined by
where is the
Kronecker delta
In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise:
\delta_ = \begin
0 &\text i \neq j, \\
1 &\ ...
. A result by Steinberg states that if is a representative of a
conjugacy class
In mathematics, especially group theory, two elements a and b of a group are conjugate if there is an element g in the group such that b = gag^. This is an equivalence relation whose equivalence classes are called conjugacy classes. In other wor ...
of , then the vectors
are the eigenvectors of to the eigenvalues
where is the character of the representation .
The McKay correspondence, named after
John McKay, states that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the McKay graphs of the finite subgroups of and the extended
Dynkin diagram
In the mathematical field of Lie theory, a Dynkin diagram, named for Eugene Dynkin, is a type of graph with some edges doubled or tripled (drawn as a double or triple line). Dynkin diagrams arise in the classification of semisimple Lie algebras ...
s, which appear in the
ADE classification
In mathematics, the ADE classification (originally ''A-D-E'' classifications) is a situation where certain kinds of objects are in correspondence with simply laced Dynkin diagrams. The question of giving a common origin to these classifications, r ...
of the simple
Lie algebra
In mathematics, a Lie algebra (pronounced ) is a vector space \mathfrak g together with an Binary operation, operation called the Lie bracket, an Alternating multilinear map, alternating bilinear map \mathfrak g \times \mathfrak g \rightarrow ...
s.
Definition
Let be a finite group, be a
representation of and be its character. Let
be the irreducible representations of . If
:
then define the McKay graph of , relative to , as follows:
* Each irreducible representation of corresponds to a node in .
* If , there is an arrow from to of weight , written as
or sometimes as unlabeled arrows.
* If
we denote the two opposite arrows between as an undirected edge of weight . Moreover, if
we omit the weight label.
We can calculate the value of using
inner product
In mathematics, an inner product space (or, rarely, a Hausdorff space, Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space) is a real vector space or a complex vector space with an operation (mathematics), operation called an inner product. The inner product of two ve ...
on
characters
Character or Characters may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Literature
* ''Character'' (novel), a 1936 Dutch novel by Ferdinand Bordewijk
* ''Characters'' (Theophrastus), a classical Greek set of character sketches attributed to The ...
:
:
The McKay graph of a finite subgroup of is defined to be the McKay graph of its canonical representation.
For finite subgroups of the canonical representation on is self-dual, so
for all . Thus, the McKay graph of finite subgroups of is undirected.
In fact, by the McKay correspondence, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the finite subgroups of and the extended Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams of type A-D-E.
We define the Cartan matrix of as follows:
:
where is the
Kronecker delta
In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise:
\delta_ = \begin
0 &\text i \neq j, \\
1 &\ ...
.
Some results
* If the representation is faithful, then every irreducible representation is contained in some tensor power
and the McKay graph of is connected.
* The McKay graph of a finite subgroup of has no self-loops, that is,
for all .
* The arrows of the McKay graph of a finite subgroup of are all of weight one.
Examples
*Suppose , and there are canonical irreducible representations of respectively. If , are the irreducible representations of and , are the irreducible representations of , then
::
: are the irreducible representations of , where
In this case, we have
::
: Therefore, there is an arrow in the McKay graph of between
and
if and only if there is an arrow in the McKay graph of between and there is an arrow in the McKay graph of between . In this case, the weight on the arrow in the McKay graph of is the product of the weights of the two corresponding arrows in the McKay graphs of and .
*
Felix Klein
Christian Felix Klein (; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925) was a German mathematician and mathematics educator, known for his work with group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the associations between geometry and group ...
proved that the finite subgroups of are the binary polyhedral groups; all are conjugate to subgroups of The McKay correspondence states that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the McKay graphs of these binary polyhedral groups and the extended Dynkin diagrams. For example, the
binary tetrahedral group
In mathematics, the binary tetrahedral group, denoted 2T or , Coxeter&Moser: Generators and Relations for discrete groups: : Rl = Sm = Tn = RST is a certain nonabelian group of order 24. It is an extension of the tetrahedral group T or (2,3,3) of ...
is generated by the matrices:
::
: where is a primitive eighth root of unity. In fact, we have
::
: The conjugacy classes of
are:
::
::
::
::
::
::
::
: The character table of
is
: Here
The canonical representation is here denoted by . Using the inner product, we find that the McKay graph of
is the extended Coxeter–Dynkin diagram of type
See also
*
ADE classification
In mathematics, the ADE classification (originally ''A-D-E'' classifications) is a situation where certain kinds of objects are in correspondence with simply laced Dynkin diagrams. The question of giving a common origin to these classifications, r ...
*
Binary tetrahedral group
In mathematics, the binary tetrahedral group, denoted 2T or , Coxeter&Moser: Generators and Relations for discrete groups: : Rl = Sm = Tn = RST is a certain nonabelian group of order 24. It is an extension of the tetrahedral group T or (2,3,3) of ...
References
*
*
*
*
*
*
* {{Citation , first = Robert , last = Steinberg , title = Subgroups of
, Dynkin diagrams and affine Coxeter elements, year = 1985 , journal = Pacific Journal of Mathematics, volume = 18 , pages = 587–598, doi = 10.2140/pjm.1985.118.587
Representation theory