Mañjula (
fl.
''Floruit'' (; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "they flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicatin ...
932), also known as Muñjāla, was an Indian astronomer, whose only surviving work is ''
Laghu-mānasa'', an
ephemeris
In astronomy and celestial navigation, an ephemeris (pl. ephemerides; ) is a book with tables that gives the trajectory of naturally occurring astronomical objects as well as artificial satellites in the sky, i.e., the position (and possibly vel ...
and calculation text in
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
language. He may have also authored another text, the ''Bṛhan-mānasa'', but this is not certain.
Name
Mañjula is also known as Mañjālaka, Muñjāla, Muñjālaka, and Mañjulācārya (Manjula-''
acharya
In Indian religions and society, an ''acharya'' (Sanskrit: आचार्य, IAST: ; Pali: ''ācariya'') is a preceptor and expert instructor in matters such as religion, or any other subject. An acharya is a highly learned person with a tit ...
''). Mañjula (Sanskrit for "lovely" or "charming") seems to be his actual name, as early writers - including his earliest commentator Prashasti-dhara (958 CE) - refer to him by this name. The name Muñjāla or Muñjālaka became popular, especially in South India, because of the popularity of Surya-deva Yajva's commentary (1248 CE), which refers to him by this name.
Bhaskara II (c. 1150 CE) and his commentator
Munishvara
Munishvara or Munīśvara Viśvarūpa (born 1603) was an Indian mathematician who wrote several commentaries including one on astronomy ''Siddhanta Sarvabhauma'' (1646) which included descriptions of astronomical instruments such as the ''pratoda ...
(fl. 1646 CE) also use the name Muñjāla. Nevertheless, several other writers continued to use the name Mañjula, including those in South India; these include Yallaya (fl. 1482 CE) and Tamma Yajva (1599 CE).
Biography
In the introductory verse of ''Laghu-mānasa'', Mañjula describes himself as a
Brahmana
The Brahmanas (; Sanskrit: , ''Brāhmaṇam'') are Vedic śruti works attached to the Samhitas (hymns and mantras) of the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva Vedas. They are a secondary layer or classification of Sanskrit texts embedded within ea ...
of the
Bharadvaja
Bharadvaja ( sa, भरद्वाज, IAST: ; also spelled Bharadwaja) was one of the revered Vedic sages
(maharishi) in Ancient India. He was a renowned scholar, economist, grammarian and physician. He is one of the Saptarishis (seven great ...
gotra. He calls himself the "best among the Brahmanas", which according to his commentator Yallaya, means that he was a teacher (''acharya'') by profession. He or his commentators do not provide any information about his ancestry or education.
Mañjula adopted the noon of 10 March 932 CE as the
epoch
In chronology and periodization, an epoch or reference epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular calendar era. The "epoch" serves as a reference point from which time is measured.
The moment of epoch is usually decided by ...
of computation in his ''Laghu-mānasa'', which suggests that he started writing the work around this time, and was likely born in the early 10th century CE.
The place of Mañjula's residence is not known. Prashasti-dhara of Kashmir in the north wrote the first commentary on his ''Laghu-mānasa'', 26 years after he had composed the text. However, the text was most popular in present-day Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, where commentaries in Sanskrit as well regional languages (Telugu and Malayalam) were written on it.
Mañjula generally follows
Aryabhata I
Aryabhata (ISO: ) or Aryabhata I (476–550 CE) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer of the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. He flourished in the Gupta Era and produced works such as the ''Aryabhatiya'' (which ...
, but does not belong to any particular school of astronomy: he sometimes follows
Brahmagupta
Brahmagupta ( – ) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He is the author of two early works on mathematics and astronomy: the ''Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta'' (BSS, "correctly established doctrine of Brahma", dated 628), a theoretical trea ...
as well. His ''Laghu-mānasa'' appears to derive information from Aryabhata's various works (c. 500), Brahmagupta's ''
Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta'' (c. 628 CE), and Lata-deva's ''
Surya-siddhanta'' (6th century). It also appears that the works of
Lalla
Lalla ( 720–790 CE) was an Indian mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer who belonged to a family of astronomers. Lalla was the son of Trivikrama Bhatta and the grandson of Śâmba."Lalla." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. He liv ...
and
Vateshvara (born 880 CE) were available to Mañjula, and he borrowed from them. For example, Mañjula's rules for calculating hte path of Mars are exactly same as the ones found in some manuscripts of Lalla's ''Shishya-dhi-vrddhida''. Similarly, he seems to have borrowed the second lunar correction from some work of Vateshvara, as suggested by Yallaya.
According to Yallaya, the elderly people of his time said:
Yallaya lived near Addanki, present day Andhra Pradesh and was a student of Sūrya, son of Bālāditya.
Residence
The introductory verse of the ''Laghu-mānasa'' contains the phrase ''prakashadityavat khyatah''. K.S. Shukla translates it as "famous as the Sun in Prakasha", but adds that it can alternatively translated as "well-known as light and sun" (interpreted to mean that the author was known by a name that meant "light" and "sun").
Several writers interpret the word ''prakasha'' (
IAST
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during ...
: ''prakāśa'', Sanskrit for "light") as the name of the town (''pattana'') where Mañjula lived. The commentators Suryadeva Yajva and Yallaya state that he lived in the town of Prakasha-pattana which was located in the northern part of the country (''uttara-desha''). The commentators add that the town had a famous temple of the Sun god, and in the regional dialect used there, the word "Mañjula" was a synonym of the sun.
The identity of this town is uncertain. Mallikarjuna Suri's commentary on Lalla's ''Shishya-dhi-vrddhida'' states that a town with this name existed 80 ''yojanas'' to the east of the Hindu prime meridian, and the equinocital midday shadow there measured 5.75 ''angulas''. This suggests that the town existed near present-day Patna, at latitude 25°36' N and longitude 85°6' E.
Works
The ''Laghu-mānasa'' is the only surviving work of Mañjula. But the prefix ''Laghu-'' ("small") suggests the existence of an earlier work titled ''Mānasa'', alternatively called ''Bṛhan-mānasa'' or ''Mahā-mānasa'' ("large mānasa"). The introductory verse of ''Laghu-mānasa'' uses the adjective ''anyat'' ("another") to qualify the title of the text. The commentators Yallaya and Parameshvara interpret this to mean that Mañjula had written a larger work titled ''Bṛhan-mānasa''. Prashasti-dhara also attests to the existence of a text titled ''Bṛhan-mānasa'', describing it as "large and detailed".
Bhaskara II and his commentator
Munishvara
Munishvara or Munīśvara Viśvarūpa (born 1603) was an Indian mathematician who wrote several commentaries including one on astronomy ''Siddhanta Sarvabhauma'' (1646) which included descriptions of astronomical instruments such as the ''pratoda ...
quote certain verses from Mañjula, without mentioning the title of the text they are from; these verses may be from the now-
lost
Lost may refer to getting lost, or to:
Geography
*Lost, Aberdeenshire, a hamlet in Scotland
* Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail, or LOST, a hiking and cycling trail in Florida, US
History
*Abbreviation of lost work, any work which is known to have bee ...
''Bṛhan-mānasa''.
Another commentator, Suryadeva Yajva, provides a different interpretation of the word ''anyat'': According to Surya-deva, Mañjula studied ''Mahā-mānasa'' and other astronomical texts, and wrote a text titled ''Laghu-mānasa'' as a summary of their content. He then asked one of his pupils to show the work to the regional king. The pupil took the work to the king, but claimed to have written it himself. Later, when Mañjula visited the king, he asked the king to conduct a test to determine the true authorship of the work. Accordingly, both Mañjula and his pupil were asked to write another text under the king's observation. Mañjula then wrote the present-day ''Laghu-mānasa'', recalling the content of his earlier work but summarizing it an unusual way. The pupil failed to write any text, and the king punished him by banishing him from the kingdom. The king honored and rewarded Mañjula, destroyed his earlier work, and popularized his latest work.
References
Bibliography
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*
External links
Laghu mānasa with commentary by Paramesvaraedited by Balvant Dattatreya Apte
{{authority control
10th-century Indian astronomers
Sanskrit writers