Mazanderani language

Mazandarani (), or Tabari (), is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch spoken by the Mazandarani people. , there were over 5,320,000 native speakers. As a member of the Northwestern branch (the northern branch of Western Iranian), etymologically speaking, it is rather closely related to Gilaki and also related to Persian, which belongs to the Southwestern branch. Though the Persian language has influenced Mazandarani to a great extent, Mazandarani still survives as an independent language with a northwestern Iranian origin.

Mazandarani is closely related to Gilaki, and the two languages have similar vocabularies. The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages (specifically the non-Indo-European South Caucasian languages),Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated, page 294The Tati language group in the sociolinguistic context of Northwestern Iran and Transcaucasia By D.Stilo, pages 137–185 reflecting the history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the Caucasus region and Caucasian peoples of Mazandaranis and Gilak people.

Etymology

The name ''Mazanderani'' (and variants of it) derives from the name of the historical region of Mazandaran (''Mazerun'' in Mazanderani), which was part of former Kingdom of Tapuria. People traditionally call their language ''Tabari'', as the Tabari themselves do.

The name ''Tapuri'' / ''Tabari'' (which was the name of an ancient language spoken somewhere in former Tapuria) is now used in preference to the name ''Mazandarani'' by the young.

However, both Gilan and Mazanderan formed part of the state known as Tapuria.

The earliest references to the language of Mazandaran, called Tabari, are to be found in the works of the early Muslim geographers. Al-Muqaddasī (or Moqaisi, 10th century), for example, notes: "The languages of Komish and Gurgan are similar, they use ''hā'', as in ''hā-dih'' and ''hāk-un'', and they are sweet o the ear related to them is the language of Tabaristan, imilarsave for its speediness."

History

Among the living Iranian languages, Mazanderani has one of the longest written traditions, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. This status was achieved during the long reign of the independent and semi-independent rulers of Mazandaran in the centuries after the Arab invasion.

The rich literature of this language includes books such as '' Marzban Nameh'' (later translated into Persian) and the poetry of Amir Pazevari. Use of Mazanderani, however, has been in decline for some time. Its literary and administrative prominence had begun to diminish in favor of Persian by the time of the integration of Mazandaran into the national administration in the early seventeenth century.Borjian, Maryam. 2005
Bilingualism in Mazandaran: Peaceful Coexistence With Persian
. ''Language, Communities and Education''. ''Languages, Communities & Education: A Volume of Graduate Student Research''. New York

, Teachers College, Columbia University. pp. 65–73.

Classification

The Mazanderani language is closely related to Gilaki and the two languages have similar vocabularies. In 1993, according to Ethnologue, there were more than three million native speakers of Mazanderani.

The dialects of Mazanderani are Saravi, Amoli, Baboli, Ghaemshahri, Chaloosi, Nuri, Shahsavari, Ghasrani, Shahmirzadi, Damavandi, Firoozkoohi, Astarabadi and Katouli.

The native people of Sari, shahi, babol, Amol, Nowshahr, Chalus, and Tonekabon are Mazanderani people and speak the Mazanderani language.

300px, Mazandaranis in Iran

Grammar

Mazanderani is an inflected and genderless language. It is SOV, but in some tenses it may be SVO, depending on the particular dialect involved.

Typology

Morphology

Like other modern Iranian languages there is no distinction between the dative and accusative cases, and the nominative in the sentence takes almost no indicators but may be inferred from word order (depending on dialect it may end in a/o/e). Since Mazanderani lacks articles, there is no inflection for nouns in the sentence (no modifications for nouns).
For definition, nouns take the suffix ''e'' (''me dətere'' meaning ''The daughter of mine'' while ''me dəter'' means ''my daughter''). The indefinite article for single nouns is ''a-tā'' with ''tā'' for determination of number (''a-tā kijā'' meaning ''a girl'').
There exist some remnants of old Mazanderani indicating that, in the nominative case, female nouns used to end in ''a'', while male nouns ended in ''e'' (as in ''jənā'' meaning ''the woman'' and ''mərdē'' meaning ''the man''). Grammatical gender is still present in certain modern languages closely related to Mazandarani such as Semnani, Sangesari and Zazaki.

Usage

Function cases

Adjectives

Notable postpositions

Adpositions in Mazanderani are after words, while most of other languages including English and Persian have preposition systems in general. the only common postpositions that sometimes becoming preposition are ''Še'' and ''tā''. Frequently used postpositions are:

Suffixes

The list below is a sample list obtained from th
Online Mazanderani-Persian dictionary

Locatives

Subjectives

Phonology

Vowels

// may also range to near-open [] or a more back []. Allophones of // are heard as []. // can also be heard as [] or [].

Consonants

// appears as an allophone of // in word-final position. // may appear as a voiceless trill in word-final position []. An occasional glottal stop // or voiceless uvular fricative // or voiced plosive // may also be heard, depending on the dialect.

Orthography

Mazanderani is commonly written in the Perso-Arabic script. However, some use the Roman alphabet, for example in SMS messages.

Vocabulary

Spoken in a territory sheltered by the high Alborz mountains, Mazanderani preserves many ancient Indo-European words no longer in common use in modern Iranian languages such as Persian. Listed below are a few common Mazanderani words of archaic, Indo-European provenance with Vedic cognates.

Mazandarani is rich in synonyms, some such nouns also retaining the gender they possessed in Indo-European times: for instance the words , , all have the meaning of mouse, although they are not all of the same gender. While many Indo-Iranian languages use a masculine noun taking such related forms as or or , in Mazandarani the most commonly used name for the mouse is the feminine noun .

Another example relates to the cow, the most important animal in the symbolism of Indo-European culture: in Mazanderani there are more than 1000 recognized words used for different types of cow. The table below lists some specimens of this rich vocabulary. In Mazandaran there are even contests held to determine those with the greatest knowledge of this bovine nomenclature.

Influences exerted by Mazanderani

Modern-day of Iran

In Iran, there are some popular companies and products, like Rika (son) or Kija (daughter), which take their name from Mazanderani words.

In non-Iranian languages

There are some Mazanderani loanwords in the Turkmen language.Nasri-Ashrafi, Jahangir-e (ed.). ''Farhang-e vāžegān-e Tabarī'' Dictionary of Tabari v. 5, p. 5, Tehran: Eḥyā’-ketāb”: 2002/1381 A.P. A comparative glossary containing lexical units from almost all major urban and rural centers of the region of the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan. Reviewed in ''Iran and the Caucasus'', 2006, 10(2). Volume 4 contains a Persian-Mazanderani index of approximately 190 pp. Volume 5 includes a grammar of the Mazanderani language.

Specimen

''áme kεrkā šúnnε nεfār-sar. nεfār-sar xεsέnnε. badími nεfār-sar-e čεl-o-ču hamε bapíssεnε. bāútεmε, “vačε jān! injε, kεlum-e pali, mé-vesse έttā kεrk-kεli dεrεs hā́kεn!” vε εm nεmāšun ke pe dar-biārdε, hamun šō badímε bεmúnε sεre piεr o vačε. ande-tumi piεr o vačε bεmúnε sεre, nεmāz kέrdεnε, qεzā xέrdεnε; ba:d εz nεmāz šínε ún-var, sāāt-e čār harkεt kέrdεnε.''

:Our chickens go onto the nefār and sleep on it. ncewe noted that the wood of the nefār was all rotten. I told y son “Dear child! Here, next to the stable, make me a chicken coop.” In the evening that y sonwas setting the foundation, the father in-lawand isson came home. As soon as the father and son came home, they would say their prayers, eat something, and then, after the prayers, they would go over there (to the next room); then at four o’clock they would set off.

(from Maryam Borjian and Habib Borjian, “Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran Mysterious Memories of a Woman” ''Iran and the Caucasus'' 11/2, 2007, pp. 226–254.)

References

In dates given below, A.P. denotes the Iranian calendar, the solar calendar (365 days per year) which is official in Iran and Afghanistan.

Further reading

*
* ______________. 2006. A Mazanderani account of the Babi Incident at Shaikh Tabarsi. ''Iranian Studies'' 39(3):381–400.
* ______________. 2006. Textual sources for the study of Tabari language. I. Olddocuments. ''Guyesh-shenâsi'' 4.
* ______________. 2008. Tabarica II: Some Mazanderani Verbs. ''Iran and the Caucasus'' 12(1):73–82.
* ______________. Two Mazanderani Texts from the Nineteenth Century. ''Studia Iranica'' 37(1):7–50.
*
*
* Le Coq, P. 1989. Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord-ouest de l'Iran. In Rüdiger Schmitt (ed.), ''Compendium linguarum Iranicarum''. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. pp. 296–312.
* Nawata, Tetsuo. 1984. ''Māzandarāni''. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Series: Asian and African Grammatical Manual; 17. 45 + iii pp.
* Shokri, Giti. 1990. Verb Structure in Sāri dialect. ''Farhang'', 6:217–231. Tehran
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies

* _________. 1995/1374 A.P. Sārī Dialect. Tehran
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies

* Shokri, Giti. 2006. Ramsarī Dialect. Tehran
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies

* Yoshie, Satoko. 1996. ''Sārī Dialect''. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Series: Iranian Studies; 10.

External links

Society for Iranian Linguistics
Among other services, archives PDFs of articles from linguistics journals, including those written in Persian.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
Tehran.

Audio recordings available for Mazanderani

Dictionary of Mazanderani, with translations into Saravi, Baboli, and Amoli dialects

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Northwestern Iranian languages
Subject–verb–object languages
Verb–subject–object languages
Languages of Iran
Mazandaran Province
Caspian languages
category:Mazanderani language