''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout

Central Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...

and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and ...

and

Australasia Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologica ...

, the

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by th ...

and

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

. They grow in a very wide variety of climates, from tropical to subpolar. The traditional circumscription of ''Maytenus'' is

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

, so many species have been transferred to '' Denhamia'', ''

Gymnosporia ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'', ''

Monteverdia ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in ''Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of ''Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdia'' ...

'', and ''Tricerma''.

Selected species

* ''

Maytenus abbottii ''Maytenus abbottii'' is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to South Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural ...

A.E.van Wyk Abraham Erasmus van Wyk, also known as Braam van Wyk (born 1952, Wolmaransstad) is a South African plant taxonomist. He has been responsible for the training of a significant percentage of the active plant taxonomists in South Africa and has al ...

* '' Maytenus acuminata'' (L.f.) Loes. * '' Maytenus boaria'' Molina (

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

) * ''

Maytenus buxifolia ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Ind ...

'' (A.Rich.) Griseb. (

West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Greater A ...

) * '' Maytenus canariensis'' (Loes.) G. Kunkel & Sunding * '' Maytenus curtissii'' (

King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...

) Ding Hou * '' Maytenus hookeri'' Loes. * '' Maytenus jamesonii''

Briq. John Isaac Briquet (13 March 1870 in Geneva – 26 October 1931 in Geneva) was a Swiss botanist, director of the ''Conservatoire Botanique'' at Geneva. He received his education in natural sciences at Geneva and Berlin,

* '' Maytenus lucidus'' * '' Maytenus magellanica'' ( Lam.)

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of t ...

* ''

Maytenus obtusifolia ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...

'' * ''

Maytenus octogona ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...

'' * ''

Maytenus oleoides ''Maytenus oleoides'', commonly known as the mountain maytenus or rock false candlewood, is a dense, medium-sized tree that grows throughout the western half of South Africa. It is known as klipkershout in Afrikaans. Description The bark of ''Ma ...

'' Loes. * '' Maytenus oleosa'' A.E.van Wyk & R.H.Archer * ''

Maytenus phyllanthoides ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...

'' Benth. – Florida mayten, guttapercha mayten * '' Maytenus procumbens'' (L.f.) Loes. * '' Maytenus reynosioides'' Urb. * '' Maytenus undata'' (Thunb.) Blakelock * ''

Maytenus vitis-idaea ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...

'' – Indian's salt * ''

Maytenus williamsii ''Maytenus williamsii'' is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guat ...

'' A.Molina Undescribed species: * ''Maytenus'' sp. nov. A Miller (Yemen)

Formerly placed here

* '' Denhamia bilocularis'' (F.Muell.) M.P. Simmons – Orangebark * '' Denhamia cunninghamii'' (Hook.) M.P. Simmons – Koonkara * '' Denhamia disperma'' (F.Muell.) M.P. Simmons * '' Denhamia fasciculiflora'' (Jessup) M.P. Simmons * '' Denhamia ferdinandi'' (Jessup) M.P. Simmons * '' Denhamia silvestris'' (Lander & L.A.S.Johnson) M.P. Simmons – Narrow-leaved orangebark, orange bark, orange bush * '' Gymnosporia addat''

Loes. Ludwig Eduard Theodor Lösener (23 November 1865 – 2 June 1941) was a German botanist who collected widely in the field in Germany: Amrum island (1912), the Alps, the Black Forest, Bavaria, Rügen island and Tyrol in modern Austria. His specialit ...

* ''

Gymnosporia austroyunnanensis ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'' (S.J. Pei & Y.H. Li) M.P. Simmons * '' Gymnosporia dhofarensis'' ( Sebsebe) Jordaan * ''

Gymnosporia diversifolia ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'' Maxim. (as ''M. diversifolia'' (Maxim.) Ding Hou) * '' Gymnosporia harenensis'' (Sebsebe) Jordaan * ''

Gymnosporia heterophylla ''Gymnosporia heterophylla'', the common spike-thorn, is a small, hardy, deciduous African tree up to 5m tall, occurring in rocky places with a wide distribution from Ethiopia, the Sudan and the Congo, south to the Cape Province and west to Ango ...

'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Loes. (as ''M. heterophylla'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. Robson) * ''

Gymnosporia nemorosa ''Gymnosporia nemorosa'' is a spiny, somewhat sprawling evergreen shrub or small tree with drooping branches growing to some 5 m tall and found along forest edges in Mpumalanga, Eswatini, KwaZulu-Natal south to the Garden Route in the Southern Ca ...

'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Szyszyl. (as ''M. nemorosa'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Marais) * ''

Gymnosporia rothiana ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'' (Walp.) Wight & Arn. ex M.A.Lawson (as ''M. rothiana'' (Walp.) Lobr.-Callen) * '' Gymnosporia royleana'' Wall. ex M.A.Lawson (as ''M. royleana'' (Wall. ex M. A. Lawson) Cufod.) * ''

Gymnosporia senegalensis ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'' (Lam.) Loes. (as ''M. senegalensis'' (Lam.) Exell) * ''

Gymnosporia thomsonii ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'' Kurz (as ''M. thomsonii'' (Kurz) V.S.Raju & Babu) * '' Monteverdia aquifolia'' (Mart.) Biral * '' Monteverdia clarendonensis'' ( Britton) Biral * '' Monteverdia crassipes'' (

Urb. Ignatz Urban (7 January 1848 – 7 January 1931) was a German botanist. He is known for his contributions to the flora of the Caribbean and Brazil, and for his work as curator of the Berlin Botanical Garden. Born the son of a brewer, Urban s ...

) Biral * '' Monteverdia cymosa'' (Krug & Urban) Biral – Caribbean mayten * ''

Monteverdia eggersii ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in ''Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of ''Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdia'' ...

'' (Loes.) Biral * '' Monteverdia elongata'' (Urban) Biral – Puerto Rico mayten * ''

Monteverdia harrisii ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in ''Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of ''Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdia'' ...

'' (Krug & Urb.) Biral * '' Monteverdia ilicifolia'' (

Mart. Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botanist and explorer. Life Martius was born at Erlangen, the son of Prof Ernst Wilhelm Martius, court apothecary. He graduated PhD f ...

Reissek Siegfried Reissek (11 April 1819 in Cieszyn, Teschen – 9 November 1871 in Vienna) was an Austrian naturalist and botanist who specialized in spermatophytes. He is known for his studies involving plant anatomy and histology. From 1837 to 1841 ...

) Biral * '' Monteverdia jefeana'' ( Lundell) Biral * '' Monteverdia krukovii'' (A.C. Sm.) Biral * '' Monteverdia laevigata'' (Vahl) Biral – White cinnamon * ''

Monteverdia laevis ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in ''Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of ''Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdia'' ...

'' (Reissek) Biral * ''

Monteverdia macrocarpa ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in ''Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of ''Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdia'' ...

'' (Ruiz & Pav.) Biral * ''

Monteverdia manabiensis ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in ''Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of ''Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdia'' ...

'' (Loes.) Biral * ''

Monteverdia matudae ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in ''Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of ''Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdia'' ...

'' (Lundell) Biral * ''

Monteverdia microcarpa ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in ''Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of ''Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdia'' ...

'' (

Fawc. William Fawcett (1851–1926) was a British botanist and coauthor of the ''Flora of Jamaica''. He was born in Arklow, County Wicklow, on 13 February 1851. He studied at the University of London, obtaining a BSc in 1879. He became a Fellow of th ...

& Rendle) Biral * '' Monteverdia ponceana'' ( Britt.) Biral * '' Monteverdia quadrangulata'' (Schrad.) Biral * '' Monteverdia robusta'' (Reissek) Biral * '' Monteverdia stipitata'' (Lundell) Biral

Cultivation and uses

'' Maytenus boaria'' and '' Maytenus magellanica'' are the most known species in Europe and the United States because these are the most cold-tolerant trees of this mostly

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

genus. The bark of '' Maytenus krukovii'' has a variety of documented medicinal properties; it is also sometimes admixed into decoctions of

ayahuasca AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' (Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' descen ...

References

Flora of Pakistan
Celastrales genera Ayahuasca Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Celastraceae-stub