:: Max Raphael (August 27, 1889 – July 14, 1952) was a German-American art historian. He was of Jewish parentage. He was born on August 27, 1889, in

Schönlanke Trzcianka (; german: Schönlanke) is a town in the Greater Poland region in northwestern Poland. Since 1999, it has been part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship and Czarnków-Trzcianka County. From 1975 to 1998, it was located in the Piła Voivod ...

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...

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. Between 1924 and 1932 he taught art history to the working class at the ''Volkhochschule'' in Berlin. With the rise of the Nazis he moved to Paris, where he continued his writing. After the Germans occupied Paris in 1940 he was temporarily interned at

Gurs internment camp Gurs internment camp was an internment camp and prisoner of war camp constructed in 1939 in Gurs, a site in southwestern France, not far from Pau. The camp was originally set up by the French government after the fall of Catalonia at the e ...

and Camp des Milles. Once released he migrated, with help from the Quakers, to the United States through Barcelona and Lisbon. In New York Raphael lived in penury until he received one of the first fellowships awarded by the Bollingen Foundation. He died by suicide in New York City on July 14, 1952.

Works

*''Zur Erkenntnistheorie der konkreten Dialektik'', 1934, French translation published by Galimard as ''Théorie marxiste de la connaissance''. *''Prehistoric Cave Paintings'', New York, Pantheon, 1945, Bollingen Series, no. 4. *''Prehistoric Pottery and Civilization in Egypt'', New York, Pantheon, 1947, Bollingen Series, no. 8. *''The Demands of Art'', Princeton University Press, 1968 (posthumous), Bollingen Series, no. 78.

References

*. *McGuire, William, ''Bollingen: An Adventure in Collecting the Past'', Princeton University Press, 1982, pp. 87–88. * Read, Herbert, Introduction to Raphael's ''The Demands of Art'', Princeton University Press, 1968.

External links

The Max Raphael Project
* Max Raphael Papers, The Getty Research Institute {{DEFAULTSORT:Raphael, Max 1889 births 1952 suicides German art historians Suicides in New York City German male non-fiction writers Gurs internment camp survivors German emigrants to the United States