Mauritian Bhojpuri

Bhojpuri (;Bhojpuri entry, Oxford Dictionaries
, Oxford University Press ) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Bhojpur-Purvanchal region of India and the Terai region of Nepal. Bhojpuri Ethnologue World Languages (2009) It is chiefly spoken in western Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and northwestern Jharkhand. It is an eastern Indo Aryan language and is spoken by about 5% of India's population.

It is also a recognized minority language in Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, South Africa, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Fiji Hindi, an official language of Fiji, is a variant of Awadhi and Bhojpuri spoken by the Indo-Fijians. Caribbean Hindustani, another variant of Bhojpuri is spoken by the Indo-Caribbean people. It has experienced lexical influence from Caribbean English in Trinidad and Tobago and in Guyana. In Suriname, languages that have lexically influenced it include Sranan Tongo Creole, Surinamese Dutch and English. Another dialect is spoken in Mauritius; its use is declining.

Name

The word ''Bhojpuri'' is derived from Bhojpur. After the conquest of Chero and Ujjainiya Rajputs in 12th century, who were the descendants of Raja Bhoj from Ujjain, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh captured Shahabad and named their capital Bhojpur (City of Raja Bhoj). The seat of their government was Bhojpur village which was near Dumraon in Buxar. Two villages named Chhotka Bhojpur and Barka Bhojpur still exist in Buxar, where the ruins of their Navratna Fortress still can be seen. Slowly the word ''Bhojpur'' became the synonyms of the Shahabad or Arrah region (Today's Bhojpur district, Buxar, Kaimur and Rohtas) and the adjective ''Bhojpuri'' or ''Bhojpuriya'' extended to mean the language or people of Bhojpur and even beyond it. Apart from ''Bhojpuri'' in the Eastern UP and Western Bihar, there were other names also for the language and people, at different places, the Bhojpuriya in Mughal armies were used to called ''Buxariya.'' In Bengal, they called ''Paschhimas'' (Westerners) and Bhojpuri people also called them ''Deshwali'' or ''Khoṭṭa,'' in upper provinces like Oudh they called ''Purabiya.'' Besides these, ''Banarasi'', ''Chhaprahiya'', and ''Bangarahi'' has also used for the language and People. Rahul Sankrityayan has suggested two names for it i.e. ''Mallika'' or ''Malli'' (due to ancient tribe of Malla) and ''Kashiki'' (due to ancient Kashi). The Girmityas who were taken to British colonies called it ''Hindustani'' and it became '' Fiji Hindustani'' in Fiji and ''Caribbean Hindustani'' in Caribbean.

History

Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit which started taking in shape during the reign of the Vardhana dynasty. Bāṇabhaṭṭa, in his Harshacharita has mentioned two poets named ''Isānchandra'' and ''Benibhārata'' who used to write in local language instead of Prakrit and Sanskrit. The earliest form of Bhojpuri can be traced in the Siddha Sahitya and Charyapada as early as 8th century A.D.''. ''Between 11th to 14th century A.D. the Folklores like Lorikayan, ''Sorathi Birjabhar'' etc. came in to existence. In 15th to 18th century, Kabir and other saints created many Bhajans in Bhojpuri''.''

Between 1838 and 1917, many Bhojpuriyas were taken to British colonies like Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and South Africa, as well as the Dutch colony of Suriname. Music genres based in Bhojpuri folk music like Chutney music, Baithak Gana, Geet Gawanai and Lok Geet took birth in those countries.

In 19th century, notable works like Devakshara Charita, Badmash Darpan were published. Bhikhari Thakur, in 20th century contributed significantly to Bhojpuri literature and theatre with his notable plays like Bidesiya, Beti Bechwa, Gabarghichor and novels like ''Bindia'' and ''Phulsunghi'' were published. In 1962, the first Bhojpuri film, ''Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo'' was released and became the founding stone of the Bhojpuri film industry.

Geographic distribution

The Bhojpuri-speaking region covers the area of 73,000 square kilometres approximately in India and Nepal and borders the Awadhi-speaking region to the west, the Nepali-speaking region to the north, the Magahi and Bajjika-speaking regions to the east and the Magahi and Bagheli-speaking regions to the south. In Nepal, Bhojpuri is a major language. There are a number of Bhojpuri-speaking Muslims in Bangladesh, referred to as Stranded Pakistanis, who migrated there during the Partition of India.

Bhojpuri is spoken by descendants of indentured labourers brought in the 19th and early 20th centuries for work in plantations in British colonies. These Bhojpuri speakers live in Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, and other parts of the Caribbean.

Classification

Bhojpuri is an Indo-European language and belongs to the Eastern Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Aryan languages. The Magahi and Maithili languages of Eastern Indo-Aryan group are closest living relatives of Bhojpuri. Odia, Bengali and Assamese are also closely related. Bhojpuri along with Magahi and Maithili, are grouped together as the Bihari languages. Together with the other branches of Eastern Indo-Aryan, the Bihari languages are considered to be direct descendants of the Magadhi Prakrit.

Bhojpuri is classified as an Eastern Indo-Aryan Language because it has similar inflexion system to the other languages of the same family such as Bengali, Maithili and Odia. For example, the pronunciation of the vowel ''a'' is broad in Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and sounds like ''o'' in Bengali, on moving westwards it becomes less broad but still can be differentiated from the sharp cut ''a'' in Middle Indo-Aryan. In Bhojpuri, the clear cut ''a'' and the drawled ''a,'' which sounds like ''aw'' in the word ''awl'' are present and the contrast between the two gives a different tone to the language. This drawled ''a'' is represented by Avagraha (ऽ), for instance, the word ''dekh'la'', you see, is written as देेखऽलऽ. Other property of Eastern Indo Aryan languages is that the adjectives doesn't change with the noun. For instance ''moṭā'' feminine form ''moṭī'' in Hindi but in Bhojpuri only ''moṭ'' is used as in Bengali. The past and future tense in Bhojpuri is formed in same way as other Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages, by adding a suffix stating from -l''a'' and ''-ba'' respectively to the verb. Form example, ''I shall See'', in Bengali is ''dekh-bo'' and in Bhojpuri is ''dekh-ab''.

Some scholars has also divided the East Indo Aryan or ''Magadhan'' languages in to three sub-groups viz. Western, Central and Eastern. Bengali, Assamese, Odia belongs to Eastern Magadhan, Maithili and Magahi to Central and Bhojpuri to western. Bhojpuri is classified as Western Magadhan because it has some properties which are peculiar to itself and are not present in other Magadhan Languages. Some striking differences are:

*''raürā'' or ''raüwā'' as an honorfic pronoun for second person along with the ''apne'' form is used Bhojpuri. ''apne'' form is their in other Magadhan Languages but ''raüwā'' is totally absent.
* Verb substantive in other Magadhan language is of ''-acch'' for but Bhojpuri has ''-baṭe'' and ''hawe''.
* The simple present is made by Bhojpuri by adding a suffix starting from ''-la'' with the verb, but this is totally absent in the other languages of Magadhan group. Hence, ''he sees'', is ''dēkhe-lā'' in Bhojpuri but in but ''dekhait-chhi'' in Maithili and ''dekhechhi'' in Bengali.

Sociolinguistically it is considered to be one of the seven main Hindi dialects.

Dialects

Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Standard Bhojpuri, Northern Standard Bhojpuri, Western Standard Bhojpuri,Parable of the prodigal son in Benares Bhojpuri
, A Recording in May 1920 by Rajaji Gupta, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA and Nagpuria Bhojpuri.Parable of the prodigal son in Nagpuria Bhojpuri
, A Recording in 1920 by Shiva Sahay Lal, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USABhojpuri
Language Materials Project, University of California, Los Angeles, United States

Southern Standard Bhojpuri is prevalent in the Shahabad district (Buxar, Bhojpur, Rohtas, and Kaimur districts) and the Saran region ( Saran, Siwan and Gopalganj districts) in Bihar, the eastern Azamgarh (Ballia and Mau(Eastern Part) districts) and Varanasi (eastern part of Ghazipur district) regions in Uttar Pradesh, and in the Palamu division (Palamu and Garhwa districts) in Jharkhand. The dialect is also known as ''Kharwari''. It can be further divided into Shahabadi, Chhaprahiya and Pachhimahi.

Northern Bhojpuri is common in the western Tirhut division (east and west Champaran districts) in Bihar, and Gorakhpur division ( Deoria, Kushinagar, Gorakhpur, and Maharajganj districts) and Basti division ( Basti, Sidharthanagar, and Sant Kabir Nagar districts) in Uttar Pradesh. It is also spoken in Nepal.Shaligram Shukla (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Georgetown University School of Language,

Western Bhojpuri is prevalent in the areas of Varanasi (Varanasi, Chandauli, Jaunpur, and the western part of Ghazipur district), Azamgarh (Azamgarh district,western part of Mau district) and Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Sant Ravidas Nagar, and Bhadohi districts) in Uttar Pradesh. Banarasi is a local name for Bhojpuri, named after Banaras. Other names for Western Bhojpuri include ''Purbi'' and ''Benarsi''.

Nagpuria Bhojpuri is the southernmost popular dialect, found in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand, particularly parts of Palamu, South Chotanagpur and Kolhan divisions. It is sometimes referred to as ''Sadari''.

A more specific classification recognises the dialects of Bhojpuri as Bhojpuri Tharu, Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi) and Nagpuriya Bhojpuri.

Phonology

Among the seven languages which are sociolinguistically often counted as Hindi dialects (Haryanvi, Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, and Kannauji),Diwakar Mishra and Kalika Bali
A COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIALECTS OF HINDI
, ICPhS XVII, Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, pp 1390 Bhojpuri has the most allophonic variations in vowels.

Bhojpuri has 6 vowel phonemes and 10 vocoids. The higher vowels are relatively tense, and the lower vowels are relatively lax. The language has 31 consonant phonemes and 34 contoids (6 bilabial, 4 apico-dental, 5 apico-alveolar, 7 retroflex, 6 alveo-palatal, 5 dorso-velar, and 1 glottal).

Linguist Robert L. Trammell published the phonology of Northern Standard Bhojpuri in 1971.Verma, Manindra K. (2003), Bhojpuri, In Cardona et al. (Editors), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 515–537. London: Routledge According to him, the syllable system is peak type: every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point of sonority. Codas may consist of one, two, or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei in diphthongs. The intonation system involves 4 pitch levels and 3 terminal contours.

Grammar

According to George Abraham Grierson, the grammar of Bhojpuri is simpler than other languages of the same family. Nouns in Bhojpuri have three forms: short, long and redundant. The adjectives of nouns do not change with genders. Plurals are made by adding either the suffix ''-na'' or ''ni'' with the nouns or adding the multitudes such as ''sabh'' (all) or ''lōg'' (people).

Examples:

Except few instances the Verb forms of Bhojpuri depend only on the subject and the object has no effect on it. Unlike other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bhojpuri has a different verb form for the present tense, which corresponds to the Future forms of Nepali. It is formed by adding the suffix ''-lā'' to the present subjunctive. Therefore, for the verb ''to see'' the Bhojpuri verb is ''dekhe'' and the present form is ''dhekhelā'', which is peculiar to itself and is not found in other languages of the same family like Magahi (dekhaït haï), Maithili (dekhaït achi) and Bengali (dekhechī). The Verbs forms of second person singular (dekh'be; you will see) is considered vulgar in Bhojpuri, plural form (dekhab') is used in general. When it is desired to show respect the first person singular form (dekhab; I will see) is used instead of second person plural (dekhab'). To show plural number the suffix ''-sa''' or ''-ja'' is also used with the 2nd and third person forms, thus ''dekhe-la'-sa is ''they see''. The present perfect form is made by adding ''ha''' to the past form. Thus, ''ham dekh'li'' (I saw) is the past from and its present perfect form is ''ham dekh'li ha''' (I have seen). Past perfect in regular verbs are made by adding the suffix ''-al'' to the verb (dekh - dekhal), but in some cases it has irregular forms like ''kar (kail)'', ''mar'' ''(mual)'' etc.

Numerals of Bhojpuri take the classifier ''gō'' and ''ṭhō'', which emphasizes the countability and totality both. To show inclusiveness and exclusiveness, Bhojpuri used the suffixes ''-o'' and ''-e'' as in ''ham āmo khāïb'' (I will eat mangoes too) verses ''ham āme khāïb'' (I will eat only mangoes). These suffixes can be added to any lexical category such as numerals, adjectives etc.

The auxiliaries in Bhojpuri are formed on five bases viz. ''ha'', ''ho'', ''hokh'', ''bāṭ'', ''rah''. These also act as the Copula. The ''bāṭ'' form provides for the tenses and the ''hokh'' or ''ho'' form provides for the modes, where as ''rah'' is the past of other three.

Writing system

Bhojpuri was historically written in Kaithi script, but since 1894 Devanagari has served as the primary script. Kaithi has variants as the locality changes, the three classified varianta are Tirhuti, Magahi and Bhojpuri variants. The Bhojpuri variant is used for writing Bhojpuri. Kaithi is now rarely used for Bhojpuri.

Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the Mughal era for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Magahi, and Hindustani from at least the 16th century up to the first decade of the 20th century. Government gazetteers report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar throughout the 1960s. Bhojpuri residents of India who moved to British colonies in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean in the 19th and early 20th centuries used both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts.Rajend Mesthrie, ''Language in indenture: a sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa'', Routledge, 1992, , pages 30–32

By 1894 both Kaithi and Devanagari became common scripts to write official texts in Bihar. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari, even in islands outside of India where Bhojpuri is spoken. In Mauritius, Kaithi script was historically considered informal, and Devanagari was sometimes spelled as ''Devanagri''. In modern Mauritius, the major script is Devanagari.

Politeness

Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can be conjugated through these tiers. The verb ''to come'' in Bhojpuri is ''aana'' and the verb ''to speak'' is ''bolna''. The imperatives ''come!'' and ''speak!'' can be conjugated in five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude a host of auxiliary verbs and expressions, which can be added to verbs to add another degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted.

Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. The adjective ''your'' has several forms with different tones of politeness: ''tum'' (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), ''rā'ur'' (polite and formal) and ''āpke'' (extremely formal). Although there are many tiers of politeness, Bhojpuri speakers mainly use the form ''tum'' to address a younger individual and ''aap'' for an individual who is older, or holds a higher position in workplace situations.

Status

Greater official recognition of Bhojpuri, such as by inclusion in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India, has been demanded. In 2018, Bhojpuri was given second-language status in Jharkhand state of India.

Bhojpuri is taught in matriculation and at the higher secondary level in the Bihar School Education Board and the Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh. It is also taught in various universities in India, such as Veer Kunwar Singh University, Banaras Hindu University, Nalanda Open University, and Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University.

Literature

Lorikayan, the story of Veer Lorik contains Bhojpuri folklore from Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Bhikhari Thakur's Bidesiya is a play, written as a book. ''Phool Daliya'' is a well-known book by Prasiddh Narayan Singh. It comprises poems of ''veer ras'' (A style of writing) on the theme of ''azaadi'' (''Freedom'') about his experiences in the Quit India movement and India's struggle with poverty after the country gained independence.

Media

Many Bhojpuri magazines and papers are published in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. Several Bhojpuri newspapers are available locally in North India. ''Parichhan'' is a contemporary literary-cultural Maithili-Bhojpuri magazine, published by a Maithili-Bhojpuri academy and the government of Delhi, and edited by Parichay Das. ''The Sunday Indian, Bhojpuri'' is a regular national news magazine in Bhojpuri. ''Aakhar'' is a monthly online Bhojpuri literature magazine. Other media in Bhojpuri include ''Lok Lucknow'', and the channels Mahuaa TV and Hamar TV. Bhojpuri Wikipedia was launched in 2003. On the 22nd of May 2022, Google Translate added Bhojpuri as one of their languages.

Vocabulary

Bhojpuri vocabularies have similarity with other indo Aryan languages. Here are some examples.

Weekdays

Common phrases

NUMBER

English। Bhojpuri

1 - One १= ek - एक

2= Two २= du - दु

3= Three ३= teen =तीन

4= four ४= char= चार

5= five ५= pan = पान

6= six ६= chhav= छव

7= seven। ७= sat= सात

8=eight ८= aath= आठ

9= nine ९= nav = नव

10= ten १०= das= दस

100= one hundred १००= ek say = एक सव

500= five hundred ५००= pan say = पान सव

1000= one thousand १०००= ek hajar = एक हजार

Example text

The following is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in four languages:
* Bhojpuri (Kaithi)
* Bhojpuri (Devanagari) अनुच्छेद १: सबहि लोकानि आजादे जन्मेला आउर ओखिनियो के बराबर सम्मान आओर अधिकार प्राप्त हवे। ओखिनियो के पास समझ-बूझ आउर अंत:करण के आवाज होखता आओर हुनको के दोसरा के साथ भाईचारे के बेवहार करे के होखला।
* Hindi अनुच्छेद १: सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये।
* Sarnámi Hindustani (a dialect of Caribbean Hindustani) Aadhiaai 1: Sab djanne aadjádi aur barabar paidaa bhailèn, iddjat aur hak mê. Ohi djanne ke lage sab ke samadj-boedj aur hierdaai hai aur doesare se sab soemmat sè, djaane-maane ke chaahin.
* English Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

* Culture of Bhojpuri Region
* Bhojpuri cinema

Footnotes

References

Further reading

* Rajathi, J and Perumalsamy, P (2021)
''Linguistic Description of Bhojpuri Mother Tongue Spoken in Bihar''
New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General.

External links

* The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bhojpuri, United Nations Information Centre, India (1998)

Archived open-access recordings of Bhojpuri
from Kaipuleohone

English-Bhojpuri Machine Translation System

Bhojpuri
Linguistic Survey of India.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhojpuri Language

Languages of Uttar Pradesh
Languages of Bihar
Languages of Nepal
Languages of Jharkhand
Languages of Mauritius
Hindi languages