Maurice Nicolle (1 March 1862 – 20 August 1932) was a French physician and microbiologist born in Rouen. He was the brother of

biologist A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual Cell (biology), cell, a multicellular organism, or a Community (ecology), community of Biological inter ...

Charles Nicolle Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (21 September 1866 – 28 February 1936) was a French bacteriologist who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus. Family Nicolle was born to Aline L ...

(1866–1936). He studied medicine in Rouen and

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

, becoming an interne to the hospitals of

in 1885. In 1887 he continued his internship under

histologist Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...

Albert von Kölliker (1817–1905) at the

University of Würzburg The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg (also referred to as the University of Würzburg, in German ''Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg'') is a public research university in Würzburg, Germany. The University of Würzburg is one of ...

. In 1890 he supported his doctorate with a thesis on a study of diseases of the myocardium, titled ''Contribution à l'étude des affections du myocarde: les grandes scléroses cardiaques''. Afterwards he took courses in microbiology at the

Pasteur Institute The Pasteur Institute (french: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines. It is named after Louis Pasteur, who invented pasteurization and vaccines ...

. From 1893 he studied biological staining techniques with

Victor Morax Victor Morax, Paris, 1920 Victor Morax (16 March 1866 – 14 May 1935) was an ophthalmologist born in Morges, Switzerland. He studied in Freiburg (Germany) and Paris, and from 1891 to 1903, he worked at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. From ...

(1866–1935), publishing two papers on the staining properties of ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride with Jean Cantacuzène (1863–1934). In 1893 he succeeded

Waldemar Haffkine Waldemar Mordechai Wolff Haffkine ( uk, Володимир Мордехай-Вольф Хавкін; russian: Мордехай-Вольф Хавкин; 15 March 1860 Odessa – 26 October 1930 Lausanne) was a Ukrainian-French bacteriologist kno ...

(1860–1930) as an instructor of microbiology at the Pasteur Institute, shortly afterwards being called to the Imperial Institute of Bacteriology of

Constantinople la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه , alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya ( Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis ( ...

, where he conducted research on

pasteurellosis Pasteurellosis is an infection with a species of the bacterial genus ''Pasteurella'', which is found in humans and other animals. ''Pasteurella multocida'' (subspecies ''P. m. septica'' and ''P. m. multocida'') is carried in the mouth and respir ...

rinderpest Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and many other species of even-toed ungulates, including gaurs, buffaloes, large antelope, deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthog ...

, bovine piroplasmosis and Aleppo button, et al. In Constantinople he also worked on improving methods for preparation of

diphtheria toxin Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by '' Corynebacterium diphtheriae'', the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. The toxin gene is encoded by a prophageA prophage is a virus that has inserted itself into the genome of the host ...

. In 1901, following disagreements with Turkish authorities and French representatives, he resigned his post at the bacteriological institute of Constantinople and returned to the Pasteur Institute. At the Pasteur Institute he performed investigations on

hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune ...

and

immunity Immunity may refer to: Medicine * Immunity (medical), resistance of an organism to infection or disease * ''Immunity'' (journal), a scientific journal published by Cell Press Biology * Immune system Engineering * Radiofrequence immunity desc ...

(action of antibodies, antigens and antitoxins) following inoculations of glanders bacilli into

guinea pigs The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus''), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy (), is a species of rodent belonging to the genus '' Cavia'' in the family Caviidae. Breeders tend to use the word ''cavy'' to describe the a ...

. From 1906 with

zoologist Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and d ...

Felix Mesnil (1868–1938), he tested benzopurpurine dyes supplied by Bayer Pharmaceutical as

trypanocidal agent A trypanocidal agent is an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon Trypanosoma, trypanosome parasites. Examples include: * Aminoquinuride * benzonidazole * blasticidin S * DAPI * diminazene * diminazene aceturate * eflornithine * ethidium * isometamidiu ...

s for destruction of the parasite associated with

trypanosomiasis Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus ''Trypanosoma''. In humans this includes African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease. A number of other diseas ...

. In 1910 he succeeded Jean Binot (1867–1909) as laboratory head of microbiology courses at the Pasteur Institute. In 1920 he experienced an attack of paralysis on the right side of his body, followed by a second attack in 1926 that forced him into retirement. In 1918 Nicolle became a member of the ''

Société de biologie The Société de biologie is a learned society founded in Paris in 1848. The society was conceived during the French Revolution of 1848. The members of the society held regular meetings and published the proceedings in a new scientific journal. The ...

''.

Written works

* ''Eléments de microbiologie générale'', 1900 * ''Traité de Microbiologie Générale'', with

Paul Remlinger Paul Remlinger (29 December 1871 – 9 March 1964) was a French physician and biologist born in Bertrange, Moselle. He studied medicine at the Val de Grâce military hospital, supporting his doctoral thesis in 1893 at the University of Lyon w ...

, 1902

References

Bibliography

Service des Archives de l'Institut Pasteur
(biography) {{DEFAULTSORT:Nicolle, Maurice Physicians from Rouen 1862 births French microbiologists 1932 deaths