''Materialism and Empirio-criticism'' (

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

: ''Материализм и эмпириокритицизм, Materializm i empiriokrititsizm'') is a philosophical work by

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...

, published in 1909. It was an obligatory subject of study in all institutions of higher education in the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

, as a seminal work of

dialectical materialism Dialectical materialism is a philosophy of science, history, and nature developed in Europe and based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist dialectics, as a materialist philosophy, emphasizes the importance of real-world con ...

, a part of the curriculum called "

Marxist–Leninist Marxism is a left-wing to far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialect ...

Philosophy". Lenin argued that human perceptions correctly and accurately reflect an objective external world. Lenin formulates the fundamental philosophical contradiction between idealism and materialism as follows: "Materialism is the recognition of 'objects in themselves' or objects outside the mind; the ideas and sensations are copies or images of these objects. The opposite doctrine (idealism) says: the objects do not exist, outside the mind '; they are 'connections of sensations'."W. I. Lenin: '' Materialism and empirio-criticism. Critical remarks about a reactionary philosophy ''. Publisher for foreign language literature, Moscow 1947. p. 14.

Background

The book, whose full title is ''Materialism and Empirio-criticism. Critical Comments on a Reactionary Philosophy'', was written by Lenin from February through October 1908 while he was exiled in

Geneva Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaki ...

and

London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...

and was published in

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

in May 1909 by Zveno Publishers. The original

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printing, printed or repr ...

and preparatory materials have been lost. Most of the book was written when Lenin was in Geneva, apart from the one month spent in London, where he visited the library of the

British Museum The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...

to access modern philosophical and natural science material. The index lists in excess of 200 sources for the book. In December 1908, Lenin moved from Geneva to

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

, where he worked until April 1909 on correcting the proofs. Some passages were edited to avoid tsarist censorship. It was published in

Imperial Russia The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...

with great difficulty. Lenin insisted on the rapid distribution of the book and stressed that "not only literary but also serious political obligations" were involved in its publication. The book was written as a reaction and criticism to the three-volume work ''Empiriomonism'' (1904–1906) by

Alexander Bogdanov Alexander Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Богда́нов; – 7 April 1928), born Alexander Malinovsky, was a Russian and later Soviet physician, philosopher, science fiction writer, and B ...

, his political opponent within the

Party A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration or celebration of a special occasion. A party will often feature f ...

. In June 1909, Bogdanov was defeated at a Bolshevik mini-conference in Paris and expelled from the Central Committee, but he still retained a relevant role in the Party's left wing. He participated in the

Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...

and after 1917, he was appointed director of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. ''Materialism and Empirio-criticism'' was republished in Russian in 1920 with an introduction attacking Bogdanov by

Vladimir Nevsky Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky (Russian: Влади́мир Ива́нович Не́вский; 14 May Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._2_May.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/> O.S._2_May">Old_Style_and_New_Style_ ...

. It subsequently appeared in over 20 languages and acquired canonical status in Marxist–Leninist philosophy.

Chapters summary

;Chapter I: The Epistemology of Empiriocriticism and Dialectical Materialism I Lenin then discusses the "

solipsism Solipsism (; ) is the philosophical idea that only one's mind is sure to exist. As an epistemological position, solipsism holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be known an ...

" of Mach and Avenarius. ;Chapter II: The Epistemology of Empiriocriticism and Dialectical Materialism II Lenin,

Chernov Chernov (russian: Чернов) is a Slavic surname formed from the Russian word ''Chyorny'' (russian: Чёрный) meaning ''black''. The feminine form of the surname is Chernova (or Tchernova). Some people with this name include: * Alex Chernov ...

and Basarov confront the views of

Ludwig Feuerbach Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (; 28 July 1804 – 13 September 1872) was a German anthropologist and philosopher, best known for his book ''The Essence of Christianity'', which provided a critique of Christianity that strongly influenced gener ...

Joseph Dietzgen Peter Josef Dietzgen (December 9, 1828April 15, 1888) was a German socialist philosopher, Marxist and journalist. Dietzgen was born in Blankenberg in the Rhine Province of Prussia. He was the first of five children of father Johann Gottfried Ann ...

and

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ,"Engels"
'' immanence The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world. It is held by some philosophical and metaphysical theories of divine presence. Immanence is usually applied in monotheistic, pantheis ...

, Bogdanov's empiriomonism, and the critique of Hermann von Helmholtz on the "theory of symbols." ;Chapter V: The latest revolution in science and philosophical idealism Lenin deals with the thesis that "the crisis of physics" "has disappeared matter". In this context he speaks of a "physical idealism" and notes (on p. 260): "For the only" property "of matter to whose acknowledgment philosophical materialism is bound is the property of being objective reality, outside of our consciousness." ;Chapter VI: Empiriocriticism and Historical Materialism Lenin discusses authors such as Bogdanov, Suvorov,

Ernst Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist. He discovered, described and named thousands of new sp ...

and Ernst Mach. In an addition to Chapter IV, Lenin addresses the question: "From what side did N. G. Chernyshevsky criticize Kantianism?"

Philosophers and scientists cited

Lenin cites a broad range of philosophers:

Immanentist

Richard Avenarius Richard Ludwig Heinrich Avenarius (19 November 1843 – 18 August 1896) was a German-Swiss philosopher. He formulated the radical positivist doctrine of "empirical criticism" or empirio-criticism. Life Avenarius attended the Nicolaischule in L ...

Ernst Mach Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach ( , ; 18 February 1838 – 19 February 1916) was a Moravian-born Austrian physicist and philosopher, who contributed to the physics of shock waves. The ratio of one's speed to that of sound is named the Mach ...

Richard von Schubert-Soldern Richard Ritter von Schubert-Soldern (14 December 1852, Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia – 19 October 1924, Zwettl, Austria) was a Bohemian-born Austrian philosopher. (His year of death is sometimes said to have been 1935.) Schubert-Soldern earned a do ...

Russian Machists

Jakov Berman Jakov Alexandrovich Berman (Russian: Я́ков Алекса́ндрович Берма́н; 15 January 1868 – 1933) was a Russian philosopher and political theorist linked to Russian Machism and pragmatism. In 1908 he published ''Dialectics in ...

Osip Helfond Osip Isaakovich Gelfond (russian: link=no, Осип Ге́льфонд) (1868–1942) was a Russian physician and Marxist philosopher. Osip studied at the University of Sorbonne, gaining a medical degree in 1896. He married Musia Gershevna in 1899, ...

Sergei Suvorov Sergei Alexandrovich Suvorov (russian: Сергей Александрович Суворов; 1869 – 15 June 1918) was a Russian statistician, philosopher and revolutionary. Suvorov was attracted to the revolutionary movement in the 1890s and h ...

Pavel Yushkevich Pavel Solomonovich Yushkevich (russian: Павел Соломонович Юшкевич; 29 June 1873, in Odessa – December 6, 1945, in Moscow) was a Russian people, Russian philosopher. He was a Menshevik activist and participated as one of the ...

Notes

External links

*
Materialism and Empirio-criticism
' by

at the

Marxists Internet Archive Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit online encyclopedia that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of communist, anarchist, and socialist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels ...

*
Materialism and Empirio-criticism
', a

PDF Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. ...

version published by

Progress Publishers Progress Publishers was a Moscow-based Soviet publisher founded in 1931. Publishing program Progress Publishers published books in a variety of languages: Russian, English, and many other European and Asian languages. They issued many scientific b ...

{{Authority control 1909 non-fiction books Works by Vladimir Lenin Materialism Marxism Academic works about philosophy Epistemology literature Dialectical materialism