The Massie Wireless Station (PJ) was built in
Point Judith, Rhode Island
Point Judith is a village and a small Cape (geography), cape, on the coast of Narragansett, Rhode Island, on the western side of Narragansett Bay where it opens out onto Rhode Island Sound.
It is the location for the year-round ferry service that ...
, in 1907 and may be the oldest surviving working
wireless
Wireless communication (or just wireless, when the context allows) is the transfer of information between two or more points without the use of an electrical conductor, optical fiber or other continuous guided medium for the transfer. The most ...
station in the world.
[ It is named for inventor Walter W. Massie, president of the Massie Wireless Telegraph Company.][ The structure was moved to the ]New England Wireless and Steam Museum
The New England Wireless and Steam Museum is an electrical and mechanical engineering museum at 1300 Frenchtown Road in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, with working steam engines and an early wireless station and technology archives.
The museum w ...
in 1983 where it is preserved as a technology museum
A technology museum is a museum devoted to applied science and technological developments. Many museums are both a science museum and a technology museum.
Some of the most historically significant technology museums are:
*the Musée des Arts ...
and historic site
A historic site or heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been rec ...
.[
]
History
In December 1902 the American De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company setup an earlier station in an existing house on a beach near Point Judith Light
The Point Judith Light is located on the west side of the entrance to Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island as well as the north side of the eastern entrance to Block Island Sound. The confluence of two waterways make this area busy with water traffic an ...
and another near Block Island Southeast Light
Block Island Southeast Light is a lighthouse located on Mohegan Bluffs at the southeastern corner of Block Island, Rhode Island. It was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1997 as one of the most architecturally sophisticated lighthou ...
, from the coast.[ By May 1903 they had successfully exchanged test messages.][ Messages were sent using ]Morse code
Morse code is a method used in telecommunication to encode text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called ''dots'' and ''dashes'', or ''dits'' and ''dahs''. Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of ...
.[ The stations were initially operated for the ]Providence Journal
''The Providence Journal'', colloquially known as the ''ProJo'', is a daily newspaper serving the metropolitan area of Providence, Rhode Island, and is the largest newspaper in Rhode Island. The newspaper was first published in 1829. The newspape ...
to send news stories to the island to be printed locally. Another goal was that passing ships could also send messages to the mainland which would then be relayed to Providence or New York City by telephone arriving hours before the ships reached port. At this time few places in the world were passed by so many ships as Block Island
Block Island is an island in the U.S. state of Rhode Island located in Block Island Sound approximately south of the mainland and east of Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, named after Dutch explorer Adriaen Block. It is part of Washingt ...
.[ The ''Block Island Wireless'' began publishing in July.][ At the time it was one of only two daily newspapers that printed dispatches sent by wireless.][ The stations soon began sending messages (called "aerograms") for the public and charging a fee for the service.][ Initially, this experimental wireless service was only intermittently successful and the ''Block Island Wireless'' ceased publication at the end of August.][
The Journal, dissatisfied with the operation, offered management of the two stations to the recently formed Massie company.][ By 1904 the new equipment installed by Massie to replace the de Forest system enabled reliable ]two-way communication
Two-way communication is a form of transmission in which both parties involved transmit information. Two-way communication has also been referred to as interpersonal communication. Common forms of two-way communication are:
* Amateur radio, CB or ...
between the island and the mainland.[ The stations also provided communications to passenger ]steamship
A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam-powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships ...
s, particularly those of the Fall River Line
The Fall River Line was a combination steamboat and railroad connection between New York City and Boston that operated between 1847 and 1937. It consisted of a railroad journey between Boston and Fall River, Massachusetts, where passengers would ...
.[ When Massie equipped the steamship ''Plymouth'' with wireless it was the first ]Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound is a marine sound and tidal estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. It lies predominantly between the U.S. state of Connecticut to the north and Long Island in New York to the south. From west to east, the sound stretches from the Eas ...
steamer to have this capability. A Massie employee was stationed on the ship as the wireless operator. During initial tests the coast station was able to communicate with the ship at a distance of . The crews on these ships considered Point Judith to be a dangerous point on this route. The shore station would advise them of adverse weather conditions such as fog hours before they reached it. The station would then aide in navigation as it passed.[ By 1905 with improvements to the station at Block Island it was able to detect signals from approaching ]ocean liner
An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships).
Ca ...
s beyond the Nantucket Shoals
Nantucket Shoals is an area of dangerously shallow water in the Atlantic Ocean that extends from Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, eastward for and southeastward for ; in places water depth can be as shallow as . Depth soundings are unpredictable d ...
''Lightship 66'' – a distance of .[
In 1907 Massie upgraded the Point Judith station by constructing a new building, the one that is preserved today, on the same site. The ]spark-gap transmitter
A spark-gap transmitter is an obsolete type of radio transmitter which generates radio waves by means of an electric spark."Radio Transmitters, Early" in Spark-gap transmitters were the first type of radio transmitter, and were the main type use ...
operated at up to 2 kW power and was connected to an antenna tower that was tall.[ The ]wavelength
In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
It is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase on the wave, such as two adjacent crests, tro ...
of transmission was listed as in 1907 and in 1912.[
The steamships ''Santurce'' and ''Ligonaire'' collided off the coast of ]Cape Cod
Cape Cod is a peninsula extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer mont ...
due to a thick fog in May 1910. The distress call
A distress signal, also known as a distress call, is an internationally recognized means for obtaining help. Distress signals are communicated by transmitting radio signals, displaying a visually observable item or illumination, or making a soun ...
CQD was received by the Point Judith station which then dispatched a wrecking tug
A salvage tug, known also historically as a wrecking tug, is a specialized type of tugboat that is used to rescue ships that are in distress or in danger of sinking, or to salvage ships that have already sunk or run aground.
Overview
Few tugbo ...
to assist the ships.[ Wireless operators at the station kept a vigil in April 1912 listening for news from rescue vessels about the sinking of the RMS ''Titanic''.][
Ownership of Massie's stations were then transferred to ]Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company
The Marconi Company was a British telecommunications and engineering company that did business under that name from 1963 to 1987. Its roots were in the Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company founded by Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi in 1897 ...
in August 1912. The sale included all shore and ship stations along with the contracts that the business held. Massie retained the rights to his patents and continued to maintain a shop with his laboratory equipment.[ The Point Judith station ceased operation shortly after that. At the time it was shut down it had a range of up to .][
In 1917 a "radiophone fog warning device" was installed in the lighthouse adjacent to the shutdown Massie station. It transmitted a voice recording of the phrase "Point Judith Light" via wireless which could be received at a range of . After three repetitions of this it would then transmit "you are getting closer; keep off" at lower power with a reception range of only miles.][
The building then became a ]Western Union
The Western Union Company is an American multinational financial services company, headquartered in Denver, Colorado.
Founded in 1851 as the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company in Rochester, New York, the company chang ...
landline telegraph
Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas p ...
station until World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
. In subsequent decades it was used as a summer house
A summer house or summerhouse has traditionally referred to a building or shelter used for relaxation in warm weather. This would often take the form of a small, roofed building on the grounds of a larger one, but could also be built in a garden ...
.
Other stations
The two original stations were joined by others to form a system
A system is a group of Interaction, interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment (systems), environment, is described by its boundaries, ...
along the southern coast of New England
New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces ...
. Massie operated other stations farther south along the east coast. The Point Judith station identified using the call letters
In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign (also known as a call name or call letters—and historically as a call signal—or abbreviated as a call) is a unique identifier for a transmitter station. A call sign can be formally assigne ...
"PJ". Other stations (and their call letters) that were part of the Massie system included:
Preservation
In 1983 the building was moved to the New England Wireless and Steam Museum in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, to avoid demolition.[ The former site is now part of ]Roger Wheeler State Beach
Roger W. Wheeler State Beach (formerly and still sometimes referred to as Sand Hill Cove) is a public recreation area covering on Block Island Sound in the town of Narragansett, Rhode Island. The area offers picnicking, ocean swimming, and a pl ...
. The station is now situated within the Tillinghast Road Historic District
Tillinghast Road Historic District is a historic district encompassing a rural landscape in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. Extending along Tillinghast Road, a winding two-lane road, southward from its junction with Frenchtown Road, it includes ...
, of which it is listed as a non-contributing building.
Another building at the Museum contains a collection of historic telegraph, radio, and television equipment.[ The original equipment from the station was donated to the Museum by Massie's family. The transmitter is functional and now operates at though it is not connected to an antenna.][ The station was added to the ]National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance or "great artistic v ...
in 2001.[ The Massie Wireless Club began amateur radio operation from the station in 2018 using the club call sign N1EPJ.][
]
See also
* Archie Frederick Collins
Archie Frederick Collins (January 8, 1869 – January 3, 1952), who generally went by A. Frederick Collins, was a prominent early American experimenter in wireless telephony and prolific author of books and articles covering a wide range of s ...
– Massie's company merged with Collin's company in 1909, though the arrangement soon ended.
Notelist
References
Further reading
*
*
External links
*
{{National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Infrastructure completed in 1907
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in East Greenwich, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Kent County, Rhode Island
Technology museums in the United States
History of radio
Radio stations disestablished in 1912