The mass media in North Korea is amongst the most strictly controlled in the world. The constitution nominally provides for
freedom of speech and the
press
Press may refer to:
Media
* Print media or news media, commonly called "the press"
* Printing press, commonly called "the press"
* Press (newspaper), a list of newspapers
* Press TV, an Iranian television network
People
* Press (surname), a fam ...
. However, the government routinely disregards these rights, and seeks to mold information at its source. A typical example of this was the
death of Kim Jong-il
The death of Kim Jong-il was reported by North Korean state television news on 19 December 2011. The presenter Ri Chun-hee announced that he had died on 17 December at 8:30 am of a massive heart attack while travelling by train to an area ou ...
, news of which was not divulged until two days after it occurred.
Kim Jong-un, who replaced his father as the leader, has largely followed in the footsteps of both his grandfather,
Kim Il-sung
Kim Il-sung (; , ; born Kim Song-ju, ; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a North Korean politician and the founder of North Korea, which he ruled from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of ...
, and his father. However, new technologies are being made more freely available in the country. State- run media outlets are setting up
website
A website (also written as a web site) is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server. Examples of notable websites are Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Wi ...
s, while
mobile phone
A mobile phone, cellular phone, cell phone, cellphone, handphone, hand phone or pocket phone, sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell, or just phone, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link whi ...
ownership in the country has escalated rapidly. “There is no country which monopolizes and controls successfully the internet and information as North Korea does,” said Kang Shin-sam, an expert on North Korean technology and co-head of the International Solidarity for Freedom of Information in North Korea, a nonprofit based in South Korea. North Korea now has about four million mobile-phone subscribers—roughly one-sixth of the population and four times the number in 2012, according to an estimate by Kim Yon-ho, a senior researcher at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies.
Reporters Without Borders has consistently ranked North Korea at or near the bottom of its yearly
Press Freedom Index
The Press Freedom Index is an annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders since 2002 based upon the organisation's own assessment of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year. It intends to re ...
since it was first issued in 2002. The latest report, published in 2020, puts North Korea at the 180th slot just below
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the sout ...
, which is the lowest possible.
The
state
State may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Literature
* ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State
* ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
* ''Our S ...
news agencies are the only outlets in North Korea.
Press freedom
Article 67 of the North Korean Constitution protects
freedom of speech and
freedom of the press. In practice, however, the press is
tightly controlled by the state, and
the government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
only allows speech that supports it and the ruling
Workers' Party of Korea
The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) is the founding and sole ruling party of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea. Founded in 1949 from the merger of the Workers' Party of North Korea and the Workers' Party ...
. , North Korea occupies the last place on
Reporters Without Borders' annual
Press Freedom Index
The Press Freedom Index is an annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders since 2002 based upon the organisation's own assessment of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year. It intends to re ...
.
The late
Kim Jong-il's book, ''The Great Teacher of Journalists'', advises that "newspapers carry articles in which they unfailingly hold the president in high esteem, adore him and praise him as the great revolutionary leader". Media reports in North Korea are often one-sided and exaggerated, playing "little or no role in gathering and disseminating vital information true to facts" and providing
propaganda for the regime.
All North Korean journalists are members of the Workers' Party.
[Freedom House Map of Press Freedom: North Korea]
, accessed November 30, 2008. Candidates for journalism school must not only prove themselves ideologically clean but also come from politically reliable families.
[The voice of North Korea]
Dec 8, 2009. The World. (). Journalists who do not follow the strict laws face punishment in the form of hard labour or imprisonment, or sometimes even execution, even for the smallest typing errors.
. Reporters Without Borders. Only news that favours the regime is permitted, whilst news that covers the economic and political problems in the country, or criticisms of the regime from abroad is not allowed.
Domestic media and the population itself are not allowed to carry or read stories by foreign media and can be punished for doing so.
[
]
Cult of personality
The media have consistently upheld the personality cult
A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader, Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. is the result of an effort which is made to create an id ...
of the Kim family since the country's formation. It frequently reported on the activities of late leader Kim Jong-il, regularly reporting on his daily activities, including "prayers" to founding leader Kim Il-sung
Kim Il-sung (; , ; born Kim Song-ju, ; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a North Korean politician and the founder of North Korea, which he ruled from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of ...
. Previously, media would refer to Kim Jong-il as the "Dear Leader", though this was dropped in 2004. However, in January 1981, during the first few months of Kim Jong-il's entry into politics, a survey revealed economic concerns in the media, rather than upholding the cult—60% to 70% of media coverage was focused on the economy in January that year, and between January and September, 54% of editorials in the ''Rodong Sinmun
''Rodong Sinmun'' (; ) is a North Korean newspaper that serves as the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. It was first published on November 1, 1945, as ''Chŏngro'' (), serving as a communication channel ...
'' also referred to economic problems, with only 20% on politics, 10% on reunification and 4% on foreign affairs. All indications are that this has continued under the country's third and current leader, Kim Jong-un; soon after his father's death he was acclaimed as the "Great Successor".
Approximately 90% of airtime on international news broadcasts in North Korea is propaganda spent describing the publication of works by Kim Jong-il and showing various study groups in foreign countries, to allegedly mislead the North Korean public as to the outside world's perceptions of the country. When Kim Jong-il visited Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
in August 2001, official DPRK media reported Russians as being "awestruck" by the encounter, revering Kim Jong-il's ability to "stop the rain and make the sun come out".[
]
Domestic and international coverage
The media is used to promote contrasting domestic and international agendas. Kim Il-Sung was said to recognise its power to influence North Koreans and confuse the outside world.[Quick (2003), p. 687.] Often, the news is released to the international community and withheld from the domestic North Korean population, and other news is released domestically but not internationally.
Though some international news coverage is given in DPRK media, much is ignored, is mentioned very briefly, or is announced several days after the event, as was the case with the Ryongchon disaster in 2004. Reports are also notoriously secretive. The media remained silent on domestic issues, by not reporting on economic reforms introduced by the government such as increasing wages and food prices
Food prices refer to the average price level for food across countries, regions and on a global scale. Food prices have an impact on producers and consumers of food.
Price levels depend on the food production process, including food marketing ...
, rarely mentioning Kim Jong-il until his first party position in 1980 and the launching of missiles. Restrictions on the dissemination of information do not only apply to the civilian population but North Korean officials themselves, depending on ranking.
In contrast, the idea of reunification of the two Koreas is a pervasive theme in the North Korean media, as is the near-constant "threat" of an "imminent attack" by the foreign countries.[Pinkston (2003).] In recent years, the media describes in detail satellite launches launched by the country as a sign of the DPRK's "economic prowess."[ The media rarely reports bad news from the country; however on one rare occasion, the press acknowledged a ]famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, natural disasters, crop failure, population imbalance, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompani ...
and food shortages in the 1990s.
It has had a role in supporting anti-government demonstrations in South Korea; in the late 1980s, it launched a propaganda campaign urging South Koreans to "fight against the 'government' without concessions and compromise", using false claims to portray the demonstrations as fighting for communism
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a ...
, which, rather, were in support of liberal democracy
Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into ...
. It continues to support South Korean anti-government groups, quoting relevant societies and unions critical of the government policy and denouncing government "crackdowns", calling for freedom of expression and democracy for South Korean citizens. From January 1 to June 22, 2009, North Korean media was reported to have criticised the South Korean president
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
* President (education), a leader of a college or university
* President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...
1,700 times — an average of 9.9 times daily.
During the Khrushchev era of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
when relations were tense, North Korean media would openly reprint articles critical of the USSR, often written by North Korean officials. However, once relations between the DPRK and the Soviet Union improved, the articles would no longer appear. In the following years, both North Korean and Soviet media would play down sensitive anniversaries.
Newspapers
North Korea has 12 principal newspapers and 20 major periodicals, all published in Pyongyang
Pyongyang (, , ) is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution". Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 populat ...
. Foreign newspapers are not sold on the streets of the capital.[Marshall Cavendish Corporation; Macdonald; Stacey; Steele (2004), p. 341.] Every year, North Korean press jointly publishes a New Year editorial, also broadcast by KCNA, which regularly attracts the attention of the international news media.
Newspapers include:
* ''Rodong Sinmun
''Rodong Sinmun'' (; ) is a North Korean newspaper that serves as the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. It was first published on November 1, 1945, as ''Chŏngro'' (), serving as a communication channel ...
'' (Labour Daily) – ( Central Committee of the WPK)
* ''Joson Inmingun
''Joson Inmingun'' ( ko, 조선인민군, ''Korean People's Army'') is the newspaper of Korean People's Army. It was first published on July 10, 1948.
See also
* List of newspapers in North Korea
* Telecommunications in North Korea
* Media of Nort ...
'' (Korean People's Army Daily)
* ''Minju Choson
''Minju Choson'' () is a state-run North Korean government newspaper. It is published in Pyongyang. It was started in 1945. It is the principal newspaper of the Cabinet of North Korea and the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly.
...
'' (Democratic Korea) – government organ
* '' Rodongja Sinmun'' (Workers' Newspaper)
* ''The Pyongyang Times
''The Pyongyang Times'' is a weekly state-controlled English and French-language newspaper published in the North Korean capital, Pyongyang, by the Foreign Languages Publishing House. It is the foreign-language edition of the ''Pyongyang Sinmu ...
'' (English-language; published in the capital)[
Several newspaper journalists from North Korea were secretly trained in China to covertly report on events inside North Korea. November 2007 marked the first publication of the '' Rimjingang'' magazine, which is distributed secretly in North Korea and neighbouring countries. The magazine covers the economic and political situation in the country. The journalists have also provided footage of ]public execution
A public execution is a form of capital punishment which "members of the general public may voluntarily attend." This definition excludes the presence of only a small number of witnesses called upon to assure executive accountability. The purpose ...
s to South Korean and Japanese media
The mass media in Japan include numerous television and radio networks as well as newspapers and magazines in Japan. For the most part, television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks. Variety shows, ...
.[
]
Photojournalism
Photojournalism is heavily regulated by the government. Due to the extremely limited flow of information out of the country, there is no consensus over what rules are actually in place to govern photojournalism by members of foreign press services. The government-owned Korean Central News Agency
The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) is the state news agency of North Korea. The agency portrays the views of the North Korean government for both domestic and foreign consumption. It was established on December 5, 1946 and now features onli ...
employs many photojournalists and photo editors.
North Korean leaders believe that their rules and censorship system is necessary in order to keep people under control, "to prevent the rise of criticism about the government."
Television and radio
Television broadcasting is managed by the Central Broadcasting Committee of Korea (until 2009 called Radio and Television Committee of the DPRK). Radio and TV sets in North Korea are supplied pre-tuned to North Korean stations and must be checked and registered with the police, though some North Koreans own Chinese radios which can receive foreign stations.[ It is prohibited to tune into foreign broadcasts. There are four major television stations: ]Korean Central Television
Korean Central Television (KCTV; ) is a television service operated by the Korean Central Broadcasting Committee, a state-owned broadcaster in North Korea. It is broadcast terrestrially via the Pyongyang TV Tower in Moranbong-guyok, Pyongy ...
, (former ), Kaesong Television
Kaesong (, ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea (formerly in North Hwanghae Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close t ...
(which targets South Korea) and (since August 15, 2015) State television is always off-air until its 5:00 pm evening news broadcast, except on weekends, which start at 6:00 am, and in emergency events, live events and national holidays. In August 2016, North Korea introduced an over-the-top
An over-the-top (OTT) media service is a media service offered directly to viewers via the Internet. OTT bypasses cable, broadcast, and satellite television platforms: the types of companies that traditionally act as controllers or distributors ...
streaming service known as Manbang (meaning "everywhere" or "every direction"), which carries live TV (including educational station Mansudae Television
Mansudae Television () is a state-owned educational television channel based in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It broadcasts programming every weekend with occasional advertising. Mansudae began transmissions on December 1, 1973, and ...
), on-demand video, and newspaper articles (from the state newspaper ''Rodong Sinmun
''Rodong Sinmun'' (; ) is a North Korean newspaper that serves as the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. It was first published on November 1, 1945, as ''Chŏngro'' (), serving as a communication channel ...
'') over the internet. KCTV described the service as a "respite from radio interference".
North Korean newscasts are known for their showmanship. KCTV's principal newsreader from 1974 to 2012, Ri Chun-hee
Ri Chun-hee (also romanized as Ri Chun Hee or Ri Chun Hui ; born 8 July 1943) is a North Korean news presenter for North Korean broadcaster Korean Central Television. She is most notable for her characteristic emotional and sometimes vitriolic t ...
, was well known for the wavering, exuberant tone she used when praising the nation's leaders and the hateful one she used in denouncing countries seen as hostile to the regime. Some North Korean journalists who have defected to the South have noted the contrasts with the more conversational South Korean broadcasting style.
All broadcast media in some way promotes the regime's ideologies and positions, such as ''Juche
''Juche'' ( ; ), officially the ''Juche'' idea (), is the state ideology of North Korea and the official ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea. North Korean sources attribute its conceptualization to Kim Il-sung, the country's founder and f ...
'', and regularly condemns actions by South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eas ...
, Japan, China, Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
, the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
, and other nations. The media in recent years condemns the United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...
, and its position against the country's nuclear program. Media is generally without adverts
Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. It is typically used to promote a ...
, though some advertisement of local brands occurs on Mansudae Television.
Due to the economic conditions in the country and the short broadcast day, radio is the most widely used medium. In 2006, there were 16 AM, 14 FM, and 11 shortwave radio broadcast stations. The main radio stations are the Pyongyang FM Station
Pyongyang (, , ) is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution". Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 population ...
, Voice of Korea
Voice of Korea () is the international broadcasting service of North Korea. It broadcasts primarily information in Chinese, Spanish, German, English, French, Russian, Japanese and Arabic. Until 2002 it was known as Radio Pyongyang. The inter ...
, and the Korean Central Broadcasting Station
The Korean Central Broadcasting Station (KCBS) () is a domestic radio service operated by the Korean Central Broadcasting Committee, a state-owned broadcaster in North Korea.
History
KCBS was established on 14 October 1945 as
Pyongyang Broadca ...
. There is also a black propaganda
Black propaganda is a form of propaganda intended to create the impression that it was created by those it is supposed to discredit. Black propaganda contrasts with gray propaganda, which does not identify its source, as well as white propagan ...
station called Propaganda Radio – which purports to be broadcasting from South Korea. Some foreign broadcast radio stations that target North Korea are often jammed, though this can vary. The authorities designate such foreign media as "enemies of the regime".[
Some particularly politically sensitive material is available only through wired radio connections. The system was likely built with infrastructure imported from the ]Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
, which operated a similar system known as ''radiotochka'' ("radio socket" in English). The cable radio transmissions are known by North Koreans as the " Third Broadcast" or the 'Third Network. It was reported that the third network was complete in 1982. After Kim Jong-un's stated the intention of improving 'wire broadcasting', the third network has seen installation in new apartment units, although in the 90s, distribution cables were apparently plundered for scrap metal. Similar to the Soviet wired radio system the radio sets are technologically simple affairs with few electronic components inside them besides a loudspeaker and a control coil for the volume, they have no "off" switch but can be unplugged.
South Korean television programmes cannot be received in North Korea due to incompatibilities between the television systems (PAL
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 ...
in North Korea and NTSC
The first American standard for analog television broadcast was developed by National Television System Committee (NTSC)National Television System Committee (1951–1953), Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12–19, with Some supplement ...
/ ATSC in South Korea) and the sets being pre-tuned. South Korean soap operas, films and Western Hollywood films
The cinema of the United States, consisting mainly of major film studios (also known as Hollywood) along with some independent film, has had a large effect on the global film industry since the early 20th century. The dominant style of Ame ...
according to defectors, are said to be spreading at a "rapid rate" throughout North Korea despite the threat of punishment; As of 2011, USB flash drive
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables, connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply ( interfacing) between computers, peripherals and other computers. A bro ...
s were selling well in North Korea, primarily used for watching South Korean dramas and films on personal computers.
North Korean broadcasts have been picked up in South Korea, and are monitored by the Unification Ministry in Seoul
Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) as stated iArticle 103 of ...
, which handles cross-border relations and media exchanges.
Defectors are also streaming North Korean television broadcasts on the Internet.
Internet
Internet
The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, pub ...
access in North Korea is restricted to Internet café
An Internet café, also known as a cybercafé, is a café (or a convenience store or a fully dedicated Internet access business) that provides the use of computers with high bandwidth Internet access on the payment of a fee. Usage is generall ...
s or hotels designated for foreign tourists in Pyongyang
Pyongyang (, , ) is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution". Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 populat ...
, and is limited for North Koreans to essential users like international businesses. Nearly all of North Korea's Internet traffic is routed through China. The general population of North Korea does not have internet access, however, they do have access to Kwangmyong, an intranet set up by the government. North Korea itself has a limited presence on the internet, with several sites on their national .kp
.kp is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). It was created on 24 September 2007.
History
The DPRK applied for the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in 2004. ICANN, ...
domain. The ''Mosquito Net'' filtering model used in North Korea attempts to attract foreign investment, while the filter simultaneously blocks foreign ideas.
Video games
Accessibility to video games increased over the late 2000s and 2010s as mobile phones began to enter the North Korean market, with simple domestically produced mobile games becoming more common. Web games developed by North Korean companies have also been developed throughout the 2010s, often with a focus on education.
In September 2019 state-run media announced the release of a motion-based video game system named the Moranbong. The system appears to exhibit similar features to the Nintendo Wii
The Wii ( ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo. It was released on November 19, 2006, in North America and in December 2006 for most other regions of the world. It is Nintendo's fifth major home game console, f ...
and PlayStation Move
is a motion game controller developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Initially released in 2010 for use with the PlayStation 3 home video game console, its compatibility was later expanded to its successor, the PlayStation 4 in 2013, its Pla ...
. The system has two wands similar in appearance to Wii controllers, a motion detector similar in appearance to the Kinect, and a sensor-based mat that detects foot-based input. The system is effectively a rebranded version of the Subor
Subor Culture Development Co., Ltd. is a Chinese electronics company. Its headquarters are in Xiqu Subdistrict, Zhongshan, Guangdong.
Subor was known for making a clone of the Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System), known as the Subor Video Gam ...
G80, a Chinese console running Android OS
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of deve ...
.
Access to foreign media
Despite extremely strict regulations and draconian penalties, North Koreans, particularly elite citizens, have increasing access to news and other media outside the state-controlled media authorized by the government. While access to the internet is tightly controlled, radio, DVDs, and USB drives are common media accessed, and in border areas, television. Penalties vary depending on the source of the media; being found with South Korean media may be punished more harshly than access to Chinese media. One estimate is that approx. 92% of North Koreans access foreign media at least once a month.
See also
* Censorship in North Korea
Censorship in North Korea ranks among some of the most extreme in the world, with the government able to take strict control over communications. North Korea sits at the bottom of Reporters Without Borders' 2022 Press Freedom Index, ranking 180 o ...
* Propaganda in North Korea
Propaganda is widely used and produced by the government of North Korea (DPRK). Most propaganda is based on the '' Juche'' ideology and on the promotion of the Workers' Party of Korea.
The first syllable of ''Juche'', "ju", means the man; the ...
* Telecommunications in North Korea
Telecommunications in North Korea refers to the communication services available in North Korea. North Korea has not fully adopted mainstream Internet technology due to its isolationist policies.
Telephone
North Korea has an adequate telephon ...
* Radio jamming in Korea
* Media of South Korea
The South Korean mass media consist of several different types of public communication of news: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based websites.
Modern Korean journalism began after the opening of Korea in the late 1 ...
* Media coverage of North Korea Media coverage of North Korea (officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) is hampered by an extreme lack of reliable information. There are a number of reasons for this lack of information.
Access to North Korea by foreign news ...
References
Bibliography
* Chong, Bong-uk. (1995). ''North Korea, the land that never changes: before and after Kim Il-sung.'' Naewoe Press.
* Clippinger, Morgan E. (1981). "Kim Chong-il in the North Korean Mass Media: A Study of Semi-Esoteric Communication." ''Asian Survey''. 21(3), 289—309.
* Djankov, Simeon; McLeish, Caralee; Nenova, Tatiana & Shleifer, Andrei. (2003).
Who owns the media?
''Journal of Law and Economics.'' 46, pp. 341–381.
* Ford, G.; Kwon, S. (2008). ''North Korea on the brink: struggle for survival.'' Pluto Press. .
* Goodkind, Daniel; West, Loraine. (2001). "The North Korean Famine and Its Demographic Impact." ''Population and Development Review''. 27(2), 219—238.
* Hassig, Kongdan Oh; Bermudez Jr, Joseph S.; Gause, Kenneth E.; Hassig, Ralph C.; Mansorov, Alexandre Y.; Smith, David J. (2004).
North Korean Policy Elites
" ''Institute for Defense Analysis.''.
* Hodge, Homer T. (2003). "North Korea's Military Strategy." ''Parameters.'' 33.
* Kim, Mike. (2008). ''Escaping North Korea: Defiance and Hope in the World's Most Repressive Country.'' Rowman & Littlefield. .
* Kim, Samuel S. (2006). ''The two Koreas and the great powers.'' Cambridge University Press. .
* Kun, Joseph H. (1967). "North Korea: Between Moscow and Peking." ''The China Quarterly''. 31, 48—58.
* Hunter, Helen-Louise. (1999). ''Kim Il-song's North Korea.'' Greenwood Publishing Group. .
* Marshall Cavendish Corporation; Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Phillip. (2004). ''Peoples of Eastern Asia.'' Marshall Cavendish. .
* Oh, Kang Dong & Hassig, Ralph C. (2000). ''North Korea through the looking glass.'' Brookings Institution Press. .
* Pervis, Larinda B. (2007). ''North Korea Issues: Nuclear Posturing, Saber Rattling, and International Mischief.'' Nova Science Publishers. .
* Pinkston, Daniel A. (2003). "Domestic politics and stakeholders in the North Korean missile development program." ''The Nonproliferation Review''. 10(2), 51—65.
* Quick, Amanda, C. (2003). ''World Press Encyclopedia: N-Z, index.'' Gale. .
* Savada, Andrea Matles. (1994). ''North Korea: A Country Study.'' Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division Library of Congress. .
* Shin, Rin-Sup. (1982). "North Korea in 1981: First Year for De Facto Successor Kim Jong Il." ''Asian Survey''. 22(1), 99—106.
* Zagoria, Donald S. (1977). "Korea's Future: Moscow's Perspective." ''Asian Survey''. 17(11), 1103—1112.
* Zhebbin, Alexander. (1995). "Russia and North Korea: An Emerging, Uneasy Partnership." ''Asian Survey''. 35(8), 726—739.
External links
News agency
Korean Central News Agency (KCNA)
KNS Photo Service
Newspapers
''Rodong Sinmun''
(based in Japan)
''Choson Sinbo''
(based in Japan)
North Korean online media aimed at foreign audience
Uriminzokkiri
(Among Our Nation)
Uriminzokkiri
(in Korean with English subtitles)
Foreign media targeted at North Korea
Open Radio for North Korea (ORNK)
Radio Free Asia
''The Daily NK''
Radio Free Chosun
Analysis
Reporters Without Borders
*
Behind the Curtain
'
{{DEFAULTSORT:Media Of North Korea
North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and T ...
North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and T ...