Characteristics
Mass incidents in China have been commonplace since the country's step towards socioeconomic transformation in the late 1970s, with incidents, described by Jiuchang Wei, as following this push for change like an "inseparable shadow". Mass incidents are characterised as any form of public disturbance. This includes any type of protesting, demonstrating, picketing as well as group petitioning. Those who are common participants in mass incidents include peasants, urban residents as well as workers within state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and special economic zones (SEZs). Numbers of those involved can range from tens to thousands. The behaviours associated with mass incidents differ, some are peaceful, involving petitions, appeal to authorities for aid as well as collective walks and sit ins. Typically, there is a pattern to the collective behaviour of mass incidents, with those occurring in rural areas to be of the more extreme nature than those in urban settings. This is because of less government involvement in country areas, meaning incidents have to reach severe levels for any intervention to occur. Despite this, city outbreaks of mass incidents are regarded as more serious, owing to the extreme effect they have on the government's image. Therefore, these areas are more controlled, in an attempt to prevent extreme behavior from occurring. The characteristics of a particular mass incident are influenced by economic and social grievances generated from socio-economic transformation.Causes
The 2000s saw the height of social unrest within China, marked by the outbreak of numerous mass incidents. This was because of immense economic, social and political issues which arose from much development within China. Each of these issues have caused misgoverning within policies surrounding the treatment of China's citizens, within areas of labour, development projects and legal systems.Layoffs and abuse of workers
State-owned enterprises were the main source of urban employment in China during the early 1990s. Therefore, the disbandment, restructuring and privatisation of these institutions in 2000 led to millions of workers losing their source of income. Between 1999 and 2004 it was estimated that 27.8 million factory workers lost their jobs, resulting in masses of disgruntled workers and triggering urban mass incidents. These high rates of unemployment were met with the privatisation of SOEs in which governments aimed to profit at the expense of their workers, leading to some of the largest mass incidents concerning labour occurring in March 2002. Including protests staged in front of city offices of 30,000 workers from 20 different factories in Liaoyang who complained of unpaid wages, corruption and the arrests of labour activists. The experiences of the SOE workers were mirrored within theDevelopment projects
Development projects are one of the main causes of mass incidents as they result in forced land requisition and environmental degradation. This seizure of land leaves homeowners and farmers facing eviction and loss of farmland. Many of these citizens attempt to dispute these projects, claiming they were neither sufficiently compensated nor consulted. Because the government ignored these complaints, the citizens resorted to public demonstrations. In 2003 and 2004 forcible evictions became the reasoning behind a quarter of mass incidents, thus becoming the one of the largest sources of civil dissent. This trend continued into 2013, with the highest quantity of mass incidents occurring because of land acquisition and housing demolition. Within the countryside development projects have left the environment in a state of degradation, destroying farming land, endangering livestock and causing serious health issues for residents. It is estimated that within China there are at least 450 villages, situated near polluting factories, which contain unusually high numbers of cancer patients, known as " cancer villages". This issue resulted in mass incidents such as, the protesting over the pollution created by a battery factory inIncome inequality
According to Thomas Lum, China possesses "one of the highest levels of income inequality in Asia". Therefore, poverty and disparity among communities has become a significant factor in influencing the occurrences of mass incidents. This can be accounted for by the inability of individuals of lower economic status to gain access to legitimate means of rectifying their issues. Thus, causing them to instead resort to violence in the form of severe mass incidents, including attacking town government leaders as well as "township government organs."Growth of the legal system
The development of China's legal system has been met with an increase in mass incidents. This is due to citizens' increased understanding of legal rights, seen through a rise in appeals to courts over issues of injustice. Despite these developments, China's growth within the law has only managed to delay or fuel social unrest. This is because of corruption within the courts, manifesting through the harassment of lawyers and the lack of enforcement surrounding decisions made in favour of the people. This causes citizens to view mass incidents as their only option in receiving justice.Government's response
As stated by the Ministry of Public Security General Office Research Department "Mass incidents are currently the most direct, broadest, and deepest real dangers affecting social stability." Yet there are still many issues surrounding the proper handling of mass incidents, owing to tensions between levels of government and (as stated by Thomas Lum) issues of "institutional weakness, inconsistent policies and the inability or unwillingness to undertake political reform." There has been occasional recognition of issues and change of policy by the government. However, the state still holds the right to determine which acts of dissent are acceptable. In the late 1990s the Shanghai Public Security Bureau put into place several new policies to combat the increase in number and size of mass incidents. These policies acted as guidance to agencies, suggesting they be proactive in assessing local social and economic problems. Leading to the creation of databases concerning potential incidents in order to prevent them occurring at a local level. Along with China's hosting of the 2008 Olympic Games the government adopted new strategies to improve their control and management of large crowds. Aiding them in their abilities to quell mass incidents with force. With the rapidly increasing numbers of mass incidents the Chinese government instead adopted a more "permissive strategy of containment and management". This meant that more low-key protests were allowed to take place but under strict police observation to ensure the crowds remained peaceful. It also meant that mass arrests were no longer made and instead authorities were to "gather intelligence, intensify policing and quietly detain protests leaders ncecrowds addispersed". This improved security was also supported by budget increases, in 1988 public security was only awarded 2% of local budgets, this increased to just over 6% in 2010, according to China's Statistical Yearbook. This new budget aided in the decentralisation and augmentation of local police forces and lead to updates within technologies, including advanced surveillance apparatus's in the form of traceable identification cards and public cameras. This regulation of mass incidents also links to internet policing. With the emergence of the digital age there has been an outbreak of mass incidents occurring online, involving campaigns which rally support for the protests occurring and the activists behind the issue. This has caused governments to restrict internet access, censoring information surrounding these mass incidents. This has been ensured through government control of internet providers, leading to the filtering of information concerning any 'undesirable' content, including information that concerns socialism, undermines government power, incites revolt or disrupts social order.Examples
2007 PX chemical plant protest
In November 2006 the construction of a ''para''-xylene (PX) chemical plant was announced in the2008 Weng'an riot
On the 28th of June 2008, a2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
A recent example of mass incidents are the protests which occurred in Hong Kong during 2019 and 2020. The protests began in June 2019, opposing the plans to permit extradition to mainland China. The protests were because of fear that it would undermine Hong Kong's judicial independence and endanger activists. As the protests continued the conflicts between the civilians and police became more violent, as stated in the BBC's article "protestors fought the officers with poles, petrol bombs and other projectiles." Although it caused the Hong Kong government to postpone the plan, the protests were ultimately unsuccessful.See also
*References
{{21st-century unrest in China Civil disobedience Human rights in China Politics of China Riots and civil disorder in China