On 22 March 2016, two coordinated terrorist attacks in Brussels, Belgium were carried out by the Islamic State. Three coordinated

suicide bomb A suicide attack is any violent attack, usually entailing the attacker detonating an explosive, where the attacker has accepted their own death as a direct result of the attacking method used. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout histor ...

ings occurred: two at

Brussels Airport Brussels Airport, nl, Luchthaven Brussel, vls, Vliegpling Brussel, german: Flughafen Brüssel is an international airport northeast of Brussels, the capital of Belgium. In 2019, more than 26 million passengers arrived or departed at Bruss ...

in Zaventem, and one at

Maalbeek metro station Maelbeek ( French, former Dutch spelling) or Maalbeek (Dutch, ) is a Brussels Metro station in the City of Brussels, Belgium. Its name originates from the Maalbeek stream. The station opened as a ''premetro'' (underground tram) station on 1 ...

on the Brussels metro. 32 civilians and three

perpetrators In law enforcement jargon, a suspect is a known person accused or suspected of committing a crime. Police and reporters in the United States often use the word suspect as a jargon when referring to the perpetrator of the offense (perp in dated U ...

were killed, and more than 300 people were injured. Another bomb was found during a search of the airport. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks. The perpetrators belonged to a terrorist cell that had been involved in the

November 2015 Paris attacks The November 2015 Paris attacks () were a series of coordinated Islamist terrorist attacks that took place on Friday, 13 November 2015 in Paris, France, and the city's northern suburb, Saint-Denis. Beginning at 9:15p.m., three suicide bombers ...

. The Brussels bombings happened shortly after a series of police raids targeting the group. The bombings were the deadliest attack on Belgium since World War II. The Belgian government declared three days of

national mourning A national day of mourning is a day or days marked by mourning and memorial activities observed among the majority of a country's populace. They are designated by the national government. Such days include those marking the death or funeral of ...

Background

Belgium was a participant in the military intervention against ISIL during the War in Iraq. In September 2014, the Belgian Chamber of Representatives voted to send six

F-16s The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is a single-engine Multirole combat aircraft, multirole fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force (USAF). Designed as an air superiority day fighter, it ...

for one month to support the US-led coalition. Belgium had more nationals fighting for jihadist forces as a proportion of its population than any other Western European country, with an estimated 440 Belgians having left for

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

and Iraq as of January 2015. ''The Guardian'' cited estimates suggesting that Belgium had supplied the highest per capita number of fighters to Syria of any European nation, with 350 to 550 fighters, out of a total population of 11 million that includes fewer than 500,000 Muslims. Some reports have claimed Belgium's weak security apparatus and competing intelligence agencies made it a hub of jihadist-recruiting and terrorist activity, while others assert that Belgium faces the same problems as many European countries in this regard. According to Kenneth Lasoen, security expert at Ghent University, the attacks happened more as a result of policy failure rather than intelligence failure.

Terrorist cells in Brussels

Before the bombings, several

Islamist terrorist Islamic terrorism (also known as Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism) refers to terrorist acts with religious motivations carried out by fundamentalist militant Islamists and Islamic extremists. Incidents and fatalities fr ...

attacks had originated from Belgium, and a number of counter-terrorist operations had been carried out there. Between 2014 and 2015, the number of wiretapping and surveillance operations directed at suspected terrorists by Belgian intelligence almost doubled. In May 2014, a gunman with ties to the Syrian Civil War attacked the

Jewish Museum of Belgium The Jewish Museum of Belgium (french: Musée juif de Belgique, nl, Joods Museum van België) is a museum in Brussels, Belgium, focusing on the history of the Jews in Belgium. History The idea of founding a Jewish museum emerged in the late 197 ...

in Brussels, killing four people. In January 2015, anti-terrorist operations against a group thought to be planning a second ''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting had included raids in Brussels and Zaventem. The operation resulted in the deaths of two suspects. In August 2015, a suspected terrorist shot and stabbed passengers aboard a high-speed train on its way from Amsterdam to Paris via Brussels, before he was subdued by passengers. The perpetrators involved in the November 2015 attacks in Paris were based in

Molenbeek ( French, ) or (Dutch, ), often simply called Molenbeek, is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the western part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, from which it is separated ...

, and Brussels was locked down for five days to allow the police to search for suspects with the military standing guard. On 18 March 2016, 4 days before the bombings,

Salah Abdeslam Salah Abdeslam ( ar, صلاح عبد السلام, lit=Ṣalāḥ ʿAbd as-Salām; ; born 15 September 1989) is a French Islamic terrorist who was sentenced to life in prison in 2022 as the sole surviving member of the 10-man unit that carried o ...

and another suspect in the Paris attacks were captured after two anti-terrorist raids in Brussels. A third suspect was killed during one of the raids. During interrogation, Abdeslam was presented with photographs of the Bakraoui siblings, who would later be suspected of committing the attacks in Brussels three days later. Belgian investigators believe that Abdeslam's arrest may have hastened the Brussels bombings. According to the Belgian Interior Minister, Jan Jambon, who spoke after the bombings, authorities knew of preparations for an extremist act in Europe, but they underestimated the scale of the attack.

Attacks

There were three coordinated attacks: two

nail bomb A nail bomb is an anti-personnel explosive device containing nails to increase its effectiveness at harming victims. The nails act as shrapnel, leading almost certainly to more injury in inhabited areas than the explosives alone would. A nail ...

ings at

, and one bombing at

Brussels Airport

Two suicide bombers, carrying explosives in large suitcases, attacked a departure hall at Brussels Airport in Zaventem. The first explosion occurred at 07:58 in check-in row 11; the second explosion occurred about nine seconds later in check-in row 2. The suicide bombers were visible in

CCTV Closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly t ...

footage. Some witnesses said that before the first explosion occurred, shots were fired and there were yells in Arabic. However, authorities have stated afterwards that no shots were fired. A third suicide bomber left the airport without detonating his bomb; media speculated at the time that he may have been prevented from detonating his own bomb by the force of a previous explosion. The third bomb was found in a search of the airport and was later destroyed by a controlled explosion. Belgium's federal prosecutor confirmed that the suicide bombers had detonated

Maalbeek metro station

Another explosion took place just over an hour later in the middle carriage of a three-carriage train at

, located near the European Commission headquarters in the centre of Brussels, from Brussels Airport. The explosion occurred at 09:11 CET. The train was travelling on line 5 towards the city centre, and was pulling out of Maalbeek station when the bomb exploded. The driver immediately stopped the train and helped to evacuate the passengers. The Brussels Metro was subsequently shut down at 09:27.

Victims

In the bombings, 35 people, including three suicide bombers, were killed and over 300 others were injured, 62 critically. Including the attackers, seventeen bodies were recovered at Brussels Airport and fourteen at the metro station. Four people later died of their wounds in hospital. Eighty-one others were injured at the airport, while the rest were injured at the metro station. The bombings were the deadliest attack on Belgium since World War II. Fourteen of the deceased were Belgian nationals, four were Americans, three from the Netherlands, two from Sweden and the remaining nine hailed from a different nation. Among the fatalities at Zaventem was retired diplomat André Adam, who had served as Belgian Permanent Representative to the United Nations and as Ambassador to the United States. Six years after the event, in 2022, a 23-year-old Belgian woman from Kontich decided to be

euthanized Animal euthanasia ( euthanasia from el, εὐθανασία; "good death") is the act of killing an animal or allowing it to die by withholding extreme medical measures. Reasons for euthanasia include incurable (and especially painful) conditi ...

due to "intolerable psychological suffering". On the day of the attacks, the then 17-year-old was waiting in line at

to leave for a school trip to Rome, Italy.

Perpetrators

Profiles

A total of five attackers were involved, with three of them dying in suicide bombings and the remaining two arrested in the weeks after. All had involvement in the planning and organization of the

. They were identified and named as: *

Ibrahim El Bakraoui Ibrahim El Bakraoui ( ar, إبراهيم البكراوي; 9 October 1986 – 22 March 2016) was a Belgian-Moroccan terrorist, confirmed to be one of the suicide bombers at the Brussels Airport in the 2016 Brussels bombings. Personal backg ...

: aged 29. Committed a suicide bombing at Brussels Airport. In 2010, he had been involved in an attempted robbery at a

currency exchange A bureau de change (plural bureaux de change, both ) (British English) or currency exchange (American English) is a business where people can exchange one currency for another. Nomenclature Although originally French, the term "bureau de chang ...

office and a subsequent shootout with police that left one officer injured. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison but was paroled in 2014 under the condition that he did not leave the country; he was sought by authorities when he violated those conditions. *

Najim Laachraoui Najm al-'Ashrāwī ( ar, نجم العشراوي, 18 May 1991 – 22 March 2016), also known as Abū Idrīs al-Baljīkī or Soufiane Kayal, was a Belgian-Moroccan Islamic militant loyal to the Islamic State and was one of two suicide bomber ...

: aged 24. Committed a suicide bombing at Brussels Airport alongside Ibrahim El Bakraoui. He reportedly travelled to

in 2013, under a false ID. *

Mohamed Abrini Mohamed Abrini ( ar, محمد أبريني, born 27 December 1984) is a Belgian Islamic terrorist. On 29 June 2022 he was convicted of involvement in the November 2015 Paris attacks and received a sentence of life imprisonment with a minimum te ...

: born 27 December 1984. Abrini assisted Ibrahim El Bakraoui and Najim Laachraoui in the airport bombings but failed to detonate his bomb and was arrested on 8 April 2016. He was a childhood friend of brothers

and Brahim Adbeslam, who were both involved in the November 2015 attacks in Paris. On 29 June 2022 at a court in Paris, Abrini was convicted of involvement in the attacks and received a sentence of life imprisonment with a minimum term of 22 years. *

Khalid El Bakraoui Khālid El Bakraoui ( ar, خالد البكراوي; 12 January 1989 – 22 March 2016), also known as Abū Walīd al-Baljīkī, was a Belgian national of Moroccan descent, confirmed to be the suicide bomber at the metro station in the 20 ...

: aged 27, the younger brother of Ibrahim El Bakraoui. Committed the suicide bombing at the Maalbeek metro station. In 2011, he was convicted of several carjackings, the possession of a number of Kalashnikov rifles, and a 2009 bank robbery and kidnapping. After being released in 2015, El Bakraoui failed to appear for his parole appointments and abandoned his address. He was later served with three arrest warrants, one from Interpol, one international, and one European. *

Osama Krayem Osama Krayem ( ar, أسامة كرايم, born 16 August 1992), also known as Naïm or Naim al Hamed, is a Swedish national of Syrian origin and a suspected terrorist involved in the 2016 Brussels bombings.Anwar al-Awlaki, and to have been fighting for ISIL since 2014. On 29 June 2022 at the Psris attacks trial, Krayem was sentenced to 30 years in prison. In security camera video of Brussels Airport, Ibrahim El Bakraoui, Laachraoui, and Abrini were seen pushing suitcases believed to have contained the bombs that exploded in the departure hall. A taxi driver who drove them to the airport said he tried to help the men with their luggage but they ordered him away. Initial reports elaborated El Bakraoui and Laachraoui each apparently wearing a glove which may have concealed detonators to the explosives. This was later proven to be untrue, with both being barehanded.

Investigation

Within 90 minutes of the airport attack, the area around an apartment in Schaerbeek, a northern district of Brussels, was cordoned off by police. The authorities received a tip-off from a taxi driver once they released photos of the suspects several hours after the attacks. Inside the home, they discovered a nail bomb, of acetone peroxide, of acetone, nearly of hydrogen peroxide, other ingredients for explosives, and an

ISIL flag The jihadist flag is a flag commonly used by various Islamist and Islamic fundamentalist movements as a symbol of jihad. It usually consists of a black background with a white text of the ''shahada'' (Islamic creed) emblazoned across it in callig ...

. At least one resident reported unusual smells to the police, resulting in ''Agent de Quartier'' policeman Philippe Swinnen visiting the building twice in three months, but not entering. Authorities also found a laptop belonging to Ibrahim El Bakraoui, inside a waste container near the house. The laptop had a suicide note stored on it, in which Ibrahim stated that he was "stressed out", felt unsafe, and was "afraid of ever-lasting eternity". It also contained images of the home and the office of the

Belgian Prime Minister german: Premierminister von Belgien , insignia = State Coat of Arms of Belgium.svg , insigniasize = 100px , insigniacaption = Coat of arms , insigniaalt = , flag = Government ...

, Charles Michel, among information on multiple other locations in Brussels. Numerous related arrests followed the bombings. As of 26 March, twelve men had been arrested in connection with the bombings. The FBI's Next Gen Identification System facial recognition software helped facilitate the identification of the "man with the hat" on CCTV footage as Mohamed Abrini. On 3 January 2018, a hard disk containing victims'

autopsy An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death or to evaluate any di ...

reports was stolen from a medical examiner's office in the ''Portalis'' court building in Brussels. A 27-year-old male suspect was arrested.

Aftermath

ISIL claimed responsibility for the attacks later on the same day, saying that Belgium had been attacked as "a country participating in the internation coalition against the Islamic State". Raids and searches were made across Belgium, while security was heightened in a number of countries as a result of the attacks.

Belgium

Bruxelles 22 mars 2016 - panneau recommandations

Authorities temporarily halted air traffic to the airport and evacuated the terminal buildings. The airport was to be closed to passenger traffic and reopening date postponed several times with a projected reopening date of 29 March. The

Berlaymont building The Berlaymont () is an office building in Brussels, Belgium, which houses the headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union (EU). The structure is located on the Robert Schuman Roundabout at 200, rue de l ...

, which is near Maalbeek station and is the

headquarters Headquarters (commonly referred to as HQ) denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States, the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the to ...

of the European Commission, was placed in lockdown. Controlled explosions were carried out on suspicious objects around Maalbeek station. All public transport in the capital was shut down as a result of the attacks. Brussels-North, Brussels-Central, and Brussels-South stations were evacuated and closed, and Eurostar journeys to Brussels Midi station were cancelled. All trains from Paris to Brussels were also cancelled. Taxis in Brussels transported passengers free-of-charge for the duration of the lockdown. Paris Nord railway station, with services to Brussels, was also temporarily closed. The National Security Council raised the terror alert level in the country to the highest level following the attacks. The government warned that some perpetrators might still be at large and urged citizens to reach friends and family using social media to avoid congesting the telephone networks. The threat level was lowered again on 24 March, and the government expanded the military protection of potential targets, that had been in place since January 2015, to include more soft targets and public places (

Operation Vigilant Guardian Operation Vigilant Guardian was a Belgian army operation following the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks and the dismantling of a terrorist cell in Verviers having foiled attacks imminent, to deal with the terrorist threat and protect the "points ...

). The country's two

nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a electric generator, generato ...

s – Tihange and Doel – were partially evacuated as a precaution. Temporary border checks were implemented by Belgian and French authorities at some major crossings on the France-Belgium border. The federal government announced three days of national mourning, lasting from Tuesday until Thursday, and flags were flown at half-mast on public buildings. They also held a one-minute silence at noon local time on 23 March, which ended with spontaneous applause and chants of "Vive la Belgique" in Place de la Bourse. Also on 23 March, Belgian Muslim groups, such as the League of Imams in Belgium and Executive of the Muslims in Belgium, publicly condemned the bombings and expressed their condolences to the victims and their families. The airport was closed on 22 March, with reopening postponed several times. On 29 March, an operational test was performed. The official reopening date was scheduled to be announced on 30 March. A post-reopening target of 800–1,000 passengers per hour was projected, compared to pre-bombing traffic of 5,000 passengers per hour. The delay in the reopening was attributed to extensive damage to the building's infrastructure. A temporary terminal was planned for use after the reopening. When the airport reopened, only Brussels Airlines would serve the airport, but other airlines would be allowed to return later. On 29 March, it was revealed that Ibrahim and Khalid El Bakraoui were released from prison due to a law introduced in 1888 known as ''Lejeune'', which allows inmates to be released after serving a third of their sentence. Belgian Interior Minister Jan Jambon stated that the governing parties had agreed to update the law in 2014. The ''Lejeune'' law first came under scrutiny after serial killer and child molester

Marc Dutroux Marc Paul Alain Dutroux (; born 6 November 1956) is a Belgian convicted serial killer, serial rapist, and child molester. Initially convicted for the abduction and rape of five young girls in 1989, Dutroux was released on parole after just thr ...

was released from prison in 1992. Airport businesses were affected. Hotel closures included the Sheraton Brussels Airport Hotel and Four Points by Sheraton Brussels. Cargo flights resumed on 23 March. Car rental offices were also closed. Following memorials to the victims, disturbances broke out, resulting in riot police using water cannons to disperse violent right-wing protesters against ISIL. On 30 March, plans to reopen the airport were cancelled again due to a strike by airport police over a dispute over inadequate security. The dispute was resolved, and the airport was later scheduled to be reopened on 3 April. On that day, a Brussels Airlines flight left for Faro and a flight to Athens and Turin was scheduled for the same day. Upon reopening, only passengers were allowed to enter a temporary departure hall and security checkpoints were implemented at the roadway to the airport. Only car and taxi traffic were allowed to enter but public transit remained suspended. Hotel business revenue in Brussels had been cut in half since the airport closure. On 1 April, religious leaders in Brussels gathered together for a memorial to the victims of the bombings. They expressed their desire to spread a religious message of unity throughout Belgium, and to combat extremism. On 25 April, the Maalbeek metro station reopened with heightened security. On 1 May, the departure hall of Brussels Airport, which had sustained the most damage during the bombings, partially reopened with the airport on high alert. The mayor of Molenbeek district, Francoise Schepmans, responded by closing some mosques for "incendiary language". It was also determined that of 1,600 nonprofit organisations registered in the district, 102 had links to criminal activities, 51 of which to religious radicalism or terrorism.

Other countries

Soon after news of the attacks broke, security was increased, particularly at airports, railway stations and other transport hubs, in China, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Malta, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Also, Portugal evacuated the check-in section for 20 minutes due to a suspicious abandoned bag. In addition, Israel stopped flights from Europe for the rest of the day; additional police were deployed to the Belgian border with the Netherlands; the United Kingdom's

Foreign and Commonwealth Office The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) is a Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom, department of the Government of the United Kingdom. Equivalent to other countries' Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ministries of fore ...

said the Belgian authorities were advising against non-essential travel to Brussels; and officials at the U.S. Embassy in Brussels warned of the possibility of more attacks, recommending " sheltering in place and avoiding all public transportation". Exactly a year after these terrorist attacks, the

2017 Westminster attack On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack took place outside the Palace of Westminster in London, seat of the British Parliament. Khalid Masood, a 52-year-old Briton, drove a car into pedestrians on the pavement along the south side of Westminster ...

occurred. It was a terror incident in London, where four civilians and a police officer were killed, and dozens were injured.

Reactions

In a televised address to the nation on 22 March, King Philippe expressed his and

Queen Mathilde Mathilde (born ''Jonkvrouw'' Mathilde Marie Christine Ghislaine d'Udekem d'Acoz ; 20 January 1973) is Queen of the Belgians as the wife of King Philippe. She is the first native-born Belgian queen. She has founded and assisted charities to ...

's sorrow at the events. He offered their full support to members of the emergency and security services. Hours after the attack the French-language

hashtag A hashtag is a metadata tag that is prefaced by the hash (also known as pound or octothorpe) sign, ''#''. On social media, hashtags are used on microblogging and photo-sharing services such as Twitter or Instagram as a form of user-generated ...

#JeSuisBruxelles (#IamBrussels) and images of the Belgian comic character

Tintin Tintin or Tin Tin may refer to: ''The Adventures of Tintin'' * ''The Adventures of Tintin'', a comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé ** Tintin (character), a fictional character in the series ** ''The Adventures of Tintin'' (film), 2011, ...

crying trended on social media sites. Also, hashtags such as #ikwilhelpen (#Iwanttohelp) and #PorteOuverte (#Opendoor) were used by Brussels residents who wanted to offer shelter and assistance for people who might need help. Facebook activated its Safety Check feature following the attacks. Following the bombings, several structures around the world were illuminated in the colours of the Belgian flag, including the

Brandenburg Gate The Brandenburg Gate (german: Brandenburger Tor ) is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after restoring the Orangist power by suppressing the Dutch popular unrest. One ...

in Berlin, the

Burj Khalifa The Burj Khalifa (; ar, برج خليفة, , Khalifa Tower), known as the Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration in 2010, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is known for being the world’s tallest building. With a total height ...

in Dubai, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the National Gallery in London's Trafalgar Square, the

Royal Palace This is a list of royal palaces, sorted by continent. Africa * Abdin Palace, Cairo * Al-Gawhara Palace, Cairo * Koubbeh Palace, Cairo * Tahra Palace, Cairo * Menelik Palace * Jubilee Palace * Guenete Leul Palace * Imperial Palace- Massa ...

in Amsterdam, the Trevi Fountain in Rome, and One World Trade Center in New York City, while the spire of the

Empire State Building The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of the st ...

went dark. The

Toronto Sign File:Toronto sign (44247399214).jpg, The Toronto sign at night The Toronto Sign is an illuminated three-dimensional sign in Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that spells the city's name. It is tall and long (prior to the addi ...

was lit up in the colours of the Belgian flag on the night of the attacks. Governments, media outlets, and social media users received criticism in some media and academic analysis for their disproportionate emphasis placed on the attacks in Brussels over similar attacks in other countries, particularly in Turkey, which occurred days before. Similarly,

reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks On the night of 13 November 2015, Paris suffered a series of terror attacks. In reaction to those events, many individuals, governments, and other organisations around the world expressed their solidarity with France and with the victims. Many wo ...

were viewed as disproportionate in comparison to those of earlier bombings in Beirut. According to Akin Unver, a professor of international affairs at Istanbul's Kadir Has University, being "selective" about terrorism is counterproductive to the global counterterrorism efforts.

2014 murder

On 12 March 2021, it was revealed, after a long investigation, that Ibrahim and Khalid El-Bakraoui, two of the suicide bombers, murdered a 76-year-old man in 2014, two years before the attacks. The victim was shot dead after being targeted on the street at random, after returning home from a café in the

Jette Jette (, ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the north-western part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, Ganshoren, Koekelberg, and Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, as well as the Flemi ...

area of Brussels. The information was revealed by the two surviving attackers, Mohamed Abrini and Osama Krayem; they said to authorities that the brothers revealed to them after the murder that they had wanted to test 'what it was like to kill someone'.

Parliamentary inquest

On 12 April 2016, the Belgian Federal Parliament voted to establish a parliamentary commission to investigate the circumstances of the attacks and what had gone wrong so they could not have been prevented. The Commission started work on 14 April 2016 and published four reports on three aspects of the disaster: the emergency response, the security architecture, and countering radicalism. The Commission interdicted the fragmentation of the Belgian security apparatus, which resulted in a lack of coordination, faulty communications, missing unity of command, insufficient integration and a multitude of rules and procedures across the institutions involved that further exacerbated the challenges of coping with the terror threat. The Commission also pointed to the structural under-funding of the security services, noting how a lack of resources and manpower left the police and intelligence services unable to process all the information about the great number of Belgian foreign fighters. The Commission termed this information overload with the neologism "infobesitas". The report also addressed a number of severe criticisms leveled at Belgium in the French parliamentary inquest into the

Memorialization

Brussels_2016-05-06_15-41-20_ILCE-6300_4098_DxO_(28777118843)

In the aftermath of the attacks, the population of Brussels reacted by creating spontaneous memorials as a societal reaction to what was perceived as a collective tragedy. In the hours following the attack, people started gathering at the Place de la Bourse - Beursplein. Mourners wrote chalk messages on the pavement and buildings surrounding the square. Numerous messages and mementos, usually every-day objects such as mugs or hats, were left at the

Brussels Stock Exchange The Brussels Stock Exchange (french: Bourse de Bruxelles, nl, Beurs van Brussel), abbreviated to BSE, was founded in Brussels, Belgium, by decree of Napoleon in 1801. In 2002, the BSE merged with the Amsterdam, Lisbon and Paris stock exchang ...

memorial. According to Ana Milosevic, a researcher at KU Leuven, societal tensions and the pressure for the answers about the causes and consequences of the attacks, were salient in the first days and weeks after the event. During the two months of the existence, the Brussels Stock Exchange memorial was used as a site of contestation and negotiation of the meanings associated with the terrorist attacks. The Archives of

City of Brussels The City of Brussels (french: Ville de Bruxelles or alternatively ''Bruxelles-Ville'' ; nl, Stad Brussel or ''Brussel-Stad'') is the largest municipality and historical City centre, centre of the Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region, as well a ...

were tasked by the mayor

Yvan Mayeur Yvan Mayeur (born 24 January 1960 in Etterbeek) is a former Belgian politician, former member of the Socialist Party and former mayor of Brussels from 2013 until 2017. Nationally, Mayeur was a member of the Chamber of Representatives since 1999, ...

and the city council to collect and document the societal reactions to the attacks. Over two months, the team of the archives documented the process of memorialization, also collecting some of the memorabilia left by the mourners. The first memorialization initiative included the creation of a semi-permanent (temporary) monument by the Moroccan community of

– the part of the city from which several perpetrators of the Paris and Brussels attacks originated. Called "The Flame of Hope", the monument was placed at the main square of the municipality, however it did not attract significant societal or media attention. Following a public competition, a monument to the victims was unveiled on the first anniversary of the attacks on the pedestrianized section of Rue de la Loi, between

Schuman Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman (; 29 June 18864 September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born France, French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat (Popular Republican Movement) political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France ...

and the

parc du Cinquantenaire The Parc du Cinquantenaire (French for "Park of the Fiftieth Anniversary", pronounced ) or Jubelpark (Dutch for "Jubilee Park", pronounced ) is a large public, urban park of in the easternmost part of the European Quarter in Brussels, Belgiu ...

. The monument, by Jean-Henri Compere, is called "Wounded But Still Standing in Front of the Inconceivable" and is constructed from two 20-metre (66 foot) long horizontal surfaces rising skywards. The Brussels-Capital Region also memorialized the attacks with a land-art work by Bas Smets, who planted 32 birches (one for each victim) in the Sonian Forest (''Drève de l'Infante - Infantedreef'') called "Memorial 22/03". Smets describes the memorial as "a place of silence and meditation." The birches are connected by a circular structure and separated from the rest of the forest by a small round canal. A smaller memorial (a black plaque and a tree) was also raised by the municipality of Etterbeek in the

Jardin Felix Hap Jardin may refer to: Places *Jardin, Isère, a village in Isère, France *Le Jardin, a village in Corrèze, France * Jardin, Colombia, a town in Antioquia Family name *Alexandre Jardin (born 1965), French writer and film director *Frédéric Jard ...

. In the Maelbeek metro station, a commemorative mural called "The Olive Tree" was created by Benoît van Innis, who previously designed the metro station, and a list of the sixteen victims was unveiled at the third commemorative anniversary next to the mural. File:Brussels 2016-05-05 17-57-26 ILCE-6300 3987 DxO (29357024895).jpg, The impromptu memorial at the

File:The Flame of Hope.jpg, The "Flame of Hope" is a sculpture created by the Moroccan artist Mustapha Zoufri in honour of the victims of the Paris and Brussels attacks File:Memoriel 22 mars 2016, rue de la Loi (3).jpg, Wounded but Still Standing in Front of the Inconceivable, rue de la Loi, Brussels File:Memoriel 22 mars 2016, Etterbeek.jpg, Memorial to the attacks of 22 Mars 2016, Etterbeek (

) File:Mémorial en hommage aux victimes du 22 mars en pleine Forêt de Soignes.jpg, "Memorial 22/03" by Bas Smets in the Sonian Forest File:Gedenkwand Maelbeek.jpg, "The Olive Tree" by Benoît van Innes in Maelbeek metro station File:Gedenkliste Maelbeek.jpg, Memorial plaque for the 16 victims in Maelbeek metro station

Notes

References

External links

* * *
Investigation Committee Terrorist Attacks 22 March 2016 – Summary of the activities and recommendations
(Belgian Chamber of Representatives, 2018) {{DEFAULTSORT:Brussels bombings, 2016 2016 in Brussels 2016 in aviation 2016 in rail transport 2016 murders in Europe Brussels Airport Brussels Metro City of Brussels 21st century in Brussels History of Zaventem ISIL terrorist incidents in Belgium Islamic terrorism in Belgium Islamic terrorist incidents in 2016 Machelen March 2016 crimes in Europe Mass murder in 2016 Steenokkerzeel Suicide bombings in Belgium Terrorist attacks on airports Terrorist incidents in Belgium in 2016 Terrorist incidents in Brussels Terrorist incidents on underground rapid transit systems Building bombings in Europe