María Arias Bernal, also known as María Pistolas (1884–1923), was a schoolteacher who was an agitator in the

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...

under

Francisco I. Madero Francisco Ignacio Madero González (; 30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican businessman, revolutionary, writer and Public figure, statesman, who became the 37th president of Mexico from 1911 until he was deposed in Ten Tragic Da ...

, president of Mexico 1911–1913, until his assassination in a counter-revolutionary coup by

Victoriano Huerta José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (; 22 December 1854 – 13 January 1916) was a general in the Mexican Federal Army and 39th President of Mexico, who came to power by coup against the democratically elected government of Francisco I. Madero wit ...

. Arias is noted for her defense of Madero's tomb in Mexico City, despite the threat of the Huerta regime.

Biography

Born in

Mexico City Mexico City ( es, link=no, Ciudad de México, ; abbr.: CDMX; Nahuatl: ''Altepetl Mexico'') is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America. One of the world's alpha cities, it is located in the Valley o ...

in 1884, Arias Bernal received her schoolteacher's diploma with honors in 1904. She began teaching and in 1910 became a school superintendent.

Eulalia Guzmán Eulalia Guzmán Barrón (1890–1985) was a pioneering feminist and educator and nationalist thinker in post-revolutionary Mexico. She was one of the first women to work in the field of Mexican archeology. She was the lead investigator of the re ...

, Dolores Sotomayor and Arias founded the Corregidor de Querétaro Vocational School with a curriculum of reading, writing, arithmetic, cooking, drawing and sewing designed to help women improve their economic circumstances. Arias served as deputy headmistress for a short period of time, but soon she joined the Madero movement. She participated in the educational literacy drive and became the private secretary of Sara Pérez de Madero, wife of the president. Together with

Elena Arizmendi Mejia Elena may refer to: People * Elena (given name), including a list of people and characters with this name * Joan Ignasi Elena (born 1968), Catalan politician * Francine Elena (born 1986), British poet Geography * Elena (town), a town in Velik ...

, she promoted the work of the Neutral White Cross. When President

was captured, Arias and Eulalia Guzmán attempted a meeting with coup leader,

, to plea for the life of the president and his vice president. Following Madero's assassination, she founded the Women's Loyalty Club (''Club Femenil Lealtad'') in order to provide support for the cause around Madero's tomb, hoping to overthrow Huerta. Every Sunday, she arranged demonstrations in La Piedad in the north of Mexico City around his tomb. Arias purchased a printing press to print flyers and she and

Julia Nava de Ruisánchez Julia Nava de Ruisánchez, also Ruiz Sánchez, (2 February 1883 – 2 May 1964) was a Mexican writer and an activist during the Mexican Revolution. She is also remembered for establishing the first Mexican institution for training social workers i ...

distributed anti-Huerta manifestos throughout the city. In 1913, she was arrested after attacking Jorge Huerta, son of the president, who was caught vandalizing the grave of Madero. When General Álvaro Obregón arrived in Mexico City in 1914, he asked who had taken care of the tomb of the deceased president. Recognizing that it was María Arias, he took out his gun, raised it up and declared: "Those men who are able to take up arms but refused to do so for fear of abandoning their homes and their children, have no excuse. I abandoned my children without hesitation in order to serve the national cause. As evidence that I am able to admire the valour of others, I hand my pistol to señorita Arias, because she is the only one worthy of wielding it; this gun, which has served in defence of the popular interests is as good in her hands as it has been in mine." As a result, the press called her "María Pistolas" (María Pistols). María Arias Bernal died in November 1923 in Mexico City when she was 39 years old.

Movie

Maria Arias Bernal's life was immortalized in film when '' Maria Pistolas'', a Mexican film directed by Rene Cardona, was released in 1963 by Cinematografica Filmex S.A. and Estudios America. Arias Bernal was played by

Dolores Camarillo Dolores Camarillo (March 31, 1910 – February 8, 1988) was a Mexican character actress of film, television, and theater. She also was a makeup artist for films, and was frequently billed as "Fraustita". Personal life The daughter of actors ...

. The movie was released in the United States in 1965.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arias Bernal, Maria 1884 births 1923 deaths Mexican women's rights activists Mexican revolutionaries People of the Mexican Revolution People from Mexico City Mexican feminists Mexican educators 20th-century Mexican educators