Mary Clarke (; died 1705) was an English

gentlewoman A gentlewoman (from the Latin ''gentilis'', belonging to a ''gens'', and English 'woman') in the original and strict sense is a woman of good family, analogous to the Latin ''generosus'' and ''generosa''. The closely related English word "gentry" ...

who is remembered as a prolific letter writer. She married Edward Clarke on 13 April 1675 and had eleven children with him. Whilst he spent time in London as a

Member of Parliament A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...

, she ran the family estate at Chipley in

Somerset ( en, All The People of Somerset) , locator_map = , coordinates = , region = South West England , established_date = Ancient , established_by = , preceded_by = , origin = , lord_lieutenant_office =Lord Lieutenant of Somerset , lord_ ...

and raised their children. Clarke corresponded frequently with her husband by letter and also exchanged messages with the philosopher

John Locke John Locke (; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism ...

Early life

Mary Clarke was born in

to father Samuel and mother Elizabeth Jepp () in the 1650s. Both her parents died when she was young and she was brought up by her maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Baber. When Baber died in 1672, Clarke inherited lands worth £400 (equivalent to £ in ).

Career

Mary Jepp married Edward Clarke on 13 April 1675. They had eleven children, three of whom died in infancy; the eight who lived to adulthood were called Edward (Ward), Elizabeth (Betty), Anne (Nanny), John (Jack), Mary (Molly), Jepp, Samuel (Sammy) and Jane (Jenny) respectively. The Clarkes first lived in London, then moved to the Chipley Park estate in Chipley,

, where they rebuilt the manor house. Edward Clarke became

for

Taunton Taunton () is the county town of Somerset, England, with a 2011 population of 69,570. Its thousand-year history includes a 10th-century monastic foundation, Taunton Castle, which later became a priory. The Normans built a castle owned by the ...

in 1690 and spent most of his time in London when Parliament was sitting, leaving Mary Clarke to bring up the children and run the estate. Following his involvement in organising the

Great Recoinage of 1696 The Great Recoinage of 1696 was an attempt by the English Government under King William III to replace the hammered silver that made up most of the coinage in circulation, much of it being clipped and badly worn. History Sterling was in disarr ...

, her husband became unpopular locally since he was held responsible for the resulting hardship and his local enemies circulated rumours. This forced him to stay in London for his own safety as Clarke endeavoured to clear his name in Taunton. Clarke was a committed letter writer and communicated prolifically with her husband. Many letters are held by the

Somerset Archives and Local Studies The Somerset Archives and Local Studies holds the archives for the county of Somerset, England. The archives are held at Brunel Way, Langford Mead, Norton Fitzwarren, Taunton, and run by Somerset County Council. The records held include oral his ...

. Her witty letters show a keen mind which was engaged with the social and political issues of the time, as well as matters of personal interest such as farming and estate management. Much was written about their children, discussing their studies, health and progress in life. As the children matured, the parents wrote to each other about their various plans; for example, they discussed the logistics of Betty's marriage and Jack's ambitions to become a merchant (he would later be apprenticed to

Benjamin Furly Benjamin Furly (13 April 1636 – March 1714) was an English Quaker merchant and friend of John Locke. Life Furly was born at Colchester 13 April 1636, began life as a merchant there, and joined the early Quakers. In 1659–60 he assisted John ...

). Hundreds of letters have survived, others were lost or destroyed. The Clarkes also wrote to

, who was a friend of Edward and a cousin of Mary; Locke had previously suggested that Clarke marry his friend Sir William Pelham. His replies in their three-way discussions concerning the education of Edward Junior were later published in 1693 as ''

Some Thoughts Concerning Education ''Some Thoughts Concerning Education'' is a 1693 treatise on the education of gentlemen written by the English philosopher John Locke. For over a century, it was the most important philosophical work on education in England. It was translated ...

''. The communications included almost 400 letters later published in the ''Correspondence of John Locke''. ''Some Thoughts Concerning Education'' was concerned solely with the upbringing of young men, but Locke also wrote privately to the Clarkes about young women and their daughter Elizabeth became a favourite of his. Mary Clarke's practical concerns sometimes clashed with Locke's idealistic view of parenting, for example she used servants to help with childcare despite him declaring it would be better not to and she was unable to find the time to read Latin to her son for two hours every day. He believed that every child could be moulded in the same way, but Edward appeared slow-witted and one of his tutors asked to be released, saying he had taught him as much as was possible. Clarke was concerned, writing to Locke that Edward seemed "a sort of downe right honest Blockheaded boy". Locke believed in home education and recommended a

Huguenot The Huguenots ( , also , ) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Be ...

tutor, however after employing a series of tutors the Clarkes decided to send their children to schools.

Death and legacy

Clarke died at Chipley on 10 January 1705. She was buried on 8 February in

Chew Magna Chew Magna is a village and civil parish within the Chew Valley in the Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset, in the Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county of Somerset, England. The parish ...

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Mary 1705 deaths Women letter writers 17th-century English businesswomen 17th-century English businesspeople 18th-century English businesswomen 18th-century English businesspeople People from Somerset Housewives Date of birth uncertain 17th-century letter writers 18th-century letter writers