Popular Action Movement - Marxist–Leninist () is a

Hoxhaist Hoxhaism () is a variant of Anti-revisionism, anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the Sino-Albanian split, ideological dispute between the Chinese ...

communist party A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of ''The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A ...

Nicaragua Nicaragua (; ), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (), is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the cou ...

that surged out of a split from the

Sandinista National Liberation Front The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( es, Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN) is a Socialism, socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas () in both English and Spanish. The party is named after ...

(FSLN) in the early 1970s. Since 1985 it is officially named the Marxist–Leninist Party of Nicaragua (), but the original name MAP-ML is far more known and has been used when participating in elections. The party was founded in 1967 by pro-Chinese members of the

Nicaraguan Socialist Party The Nicaraguan Socialist Party (''Partido Socialista Nicaragüense'') is a political party in Nicaragua. Founded in July 1944 by Dr. Mario Flores Ortiz. PSN operated as the official communist party in the country. At the time of its foundation, P ...

. When

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...

broke with

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

, the MAP-ML followed Albania. The party has a trade union wing,

Frente Obrero Frente Obrero (Spanish for 'Workers Front') was a national trade union centre in Nicaragua. It was founded c. 1972-74, as the trade union wing of the MAP-ML. When the National Reconstruction Government was formed on July 19, 1979, FO had one of ...

(FO, Workers' Front) that was founded in 1974. The wing organized ''Milicias Populares Antisomocistas'' (

MILPAS There were two armies with the acronym MILPAS in Nicaragua. The first, ''Milicias Populares Anti-Somocistas'', fought alongside the Sandinista National Liberation Front against the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. The second, ''Milicias Popular ...

), which fought against the dictatorship of the

Somoza The Somoza family ( es, Familia Somoza) is a former political family that ruled Nicaragua for forty-three years from 1936 to 1979. Their family dictatorship was founded by Anastasio Somoza García and was continued by his two sons Luis Somoza D ...

regime. As of 1980, MAP-ML had only about 25 members, but through FO and '' El Pueblo'', the daily newspaper of the party, it exerted much influence in the society. One of the founders of MAP-ML, Marvin Ortega, had belonged to the national leadership of FSLN. MAP-ML built up a militant

trade union A trade union (labor union in American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment", ch. I such as attaining better wages and benefits ( ...

activism and in urban areas had its own armed

militia A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...

s, (

). In the struggle against the

regime, MILPAS forces fought under the command of the FSLN. When the Sandinista Revolution succeeded in 1979, MAP-ML condemned it as "not a workers' but a bourgeois revolution". It organized strikes and land seizures. The Sandinistas reciprocated by disarming MILPAS and temporarily closing down . Several members were also imprisoned. MAP-ML was generally critical against the

mixed economy A mixed economy is variously defined as an economic system blending elements of a market economy with elements of a planned economy, markets with state interventionism, or private enterprise with public enterprise. Common to all mixed economi ...

during the FSLN government. MAP-ML was the only party that voted against the Sandinista constitution in the National Assembly. In 1984 MAP-ML was one of the parties that contested the general elections. The party got 2.1% of the votes in the parliamentary election and two seats in the national assembly. In the presidential election the MAP-ML candidate was

Isidro Téllez Toruño Isidro Ignacio Téllez Toruño (born c. 1948) is a Nicaraguan politician and trade unionist.''La Prensa''. Ortega “secuestra” al sindicalismo' He served as general secretary of the Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement (MAP-ML) and is a vet ...

, the general secretary of FO, and vice-presidential candidate was Juan Alberto Henríquez. Isidro and Henríquez got 11,352 votes (1%). An electoral slogan of MAP-ML was "" ("Not one vote for the bourgeoisie! Bullets against imperialism!"). In 1985 the MAP-ML conference decided to officially change its name to Marxist–Leninist Party of Nicaragua (). MAP-ML opposed the

Esquipulas Peace Agreement The Esquipulas Nicaraguan Peace Agreement, also known as the Central American Peace Accords, was a peace initiative in the mid-1980s to settle the military conflicts that had plagued Central America for many years, and in some cases (notably Gu ...

, which it saw as an

imperialist Imperialism is the state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas, often through employing hard power (economic and ...

scheme by the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

. In the 1990 presidential election, the PMLN candidates (Isidro Téllez for president, Carlos Cuadra for vice-president) got 8,135 votes (0.6%). PMLN lost its parliamentary representation that year. PMLN lost their registration after the 1996 elections. In the 2001 presidential elections, PMLN supported FSLN candidate

Daniel Ortega José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (; born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguans, Nicaraguan revolutionary and politician serving as President of Nicaragua since 2007. Previously he was leader of Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as coordinator of the ...

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marxist-Leninist Popular Action Movement Communist parties in Nicaragua Anti-revisionist organizations Stalinist parties Hoxhaist parties Organizations of the Nicaraguan Revolution Political parties in Nicaragua