Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793

Antoine Jean Galiot Mandat (7 May 1731, in the outskirts of Paris – 10 August 1792, on the steps of the

Hôtel de Ville, Paris The Hôtel de Ville (, ''City Hall'') is the city hall of Paris, France, standing on the Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération in the 4th arrondissement. The south wing was originally constructed by François I beginning i ...

), known as the Marquis de Mandat, was a French nobleman, general and politician. A knight and lord of

Berny-en-Santerre Berny-en-Santerre is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Geography The commune is situated at the junction of the D146 and D150 roads, one mile from the junction of the A1 and A29 autoroutes, some east of ...

and Les Pins in the

Vendômois The Vendômois () is a traditional area of France equivalent to the arrondissement of Vendôme Vendôme (, ) is a subprefecture of the department of Loir-et-Cher, France. It is also the department's third-biggest commune with 15,856 inhabitan ...

, he became a colonel in the Gardes-Françaises, then succeeded La Fayette as commander of the

National Guard National Guard is the name used by a wide variety of current and historical uniformed organizations in different countries. The original National Guard was formed during the French Revolution around a cadre of defectors from the French Guards. Nat ...

in 1792. He was assassinated by insurgents (possibly

Jean Antoine Rossignol Jean Antoine Rossignol (7 November 1759 – 27 April 1802) was a general of the French Revolutionary Wars. Life Early life Rossignol began his ''Memoirs'', published in 1820 by Victor Barrucand, with the words: "I was not born into a poor family. ...

) in the insurrection of 10 August during the

French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...

Family

Heraldic arms

Antoine_Galiot_Mandat_de_Grancey_Marquis_de_Mandat_Coat_of_Arms

''Azure, with a lion or; au chef d'argent, chargé d'une hure de sanglier de sable, défendue d'argent, accostée de deux roses de gueules''; or, in English, "Azure, a lion or; on a chief argent, charged with a head of wild boar sable tusked argent, having to the sides two roses gules."

History

The family had formerly been a noble family in the Limousin, attested since 1339. Galiot Mandat, lord of Aigrefoin, was received as king's secretary for provisions on 31 October 1572 on the resignation of Louis Guybert and his father. Its descendants were in two branches, of which the elder died out when Antoine-Galiot Mandat, conseiller to the

parlement de Metz A ''parlement'' (), under the French Ancien Régime, was a provincial appellate court of the Kingdom of France. In 1789, France had 13 parlements, the oldest and most important of which was the Parlement of Paris. While both the modern Fr ...

by letters dated May 1640, received as conseiller to the

parlement de Paris The Parliament of Paris (french: Parlement de Paris) was the oldest ''parlement'' in the Kingdom of France, formed in the 14th century. It was fixed in Paris by Philip IV of France in 1302. The Parliament of Paris would hold sessions inside the ...

on 14 July 1649, died unmarried and without issue. The other branch, known as the barons of Nully (in

Champagne Champagne (, ) is a sparkling wine originated and produced in the Champagne wine region of France under the rules of the appellation, that demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, spe ...

), ''has continued until our days and distinguish itself for many generations by its devotion to the monarchy''. Antoine Galiot Mandat was the son of Galiot V Mandat (1683–1755),

Maître des Requêtes A Master of Requests () is a counsel of the French ''Conseil d'État'' (Council of State), a high-level judicial officer of administrative law in France. The office has existed in one form or another since the Middle Ages. The occupational title ...

ordinaire de l'Hôtel du Roi, received to the Grand Conseil on 6 March 1720. His mother, Marie Anne Cherouvrier des Grassières, was sister-in-law to marquis

Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny (1695, in Les Andelys – 1760, in Paris) was a French administrator active in 18th century Bordeaux. At first maître des requêtes, in 1730 he was made intendant to Limoges. In 1743, he became intendant of Guy ...

Intendant An intendant (; pt, intendente ; es, intendente ) was, and sometimes still is, a public official, especially in France, Spain, Portugal, and Latin America. The intendancy system was a centralizing administrative system developed in France. In ...

of the Généralité de Limoges. The king confirmed his father in the land and seigneurie of Les Pins, in the north east of

Touraine Touraine (; ) is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. During the political reorganization of French territory in 1790, Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, :Loir-et-Cher, Indre and Vie ...

on 13 June 1727.

Life

Before 1789

Mandat de Grancey was baptised at Église Saint-Sulpice. He served in the First Company of

Musketeers A musketeer (french: mousquetaire) was a type of soldier equipped with a musket. Musketeers were an important part of early modern warfare particularly in Europe as they normally comprised the majority of their infantry. The musketeer was a pre ...

of the ''Garde ordinaire du Roi'' from 26 November 1753 to 2 March 1755, as ''enseigne à drapeau'' in the regiment of ''Gardes-Françaises'' (1755–57), then as ''Enseigne à Pique'' (from 5 June 1757) and ''sous-lieutenant'' (23 December 1759) in the same regiment. Antoine Galiot Mandat married Angélique Simone Boucher, daughter of a conseiller to the ''

Parlement de Paris The Parliament of Paris (french: Parlement de Paris) was the oldest ''parlement'' in the Kingdom of France, formed in the 14th century. It was fixed in Paris by Philip IV of France in 1302. The Parliament of Paris would hold sessions inside the ...

'' on 21 January 1758. They had two children – Alexandre, ensign to the regiment of the Gardes-Françaises, and a daughter married to a conseiller to the

. Antoine's father split his fortune between his children on his death on 6 April 1762. In 1789, he left the Gardes-Françaises, with the rank of captain or ''colonel retiré du service'', according to Chenaye-Desbois. He was also a knight of the

ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis The Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (french: Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis) is a dynastic order of chivalry founded 5 April 1693 by King Louis XIV, named after Saint Louis (King Louis IX of France). It was intended as a rewar ...

. He tried in vain to become a gentleman of the court, but had to renounce his place despite his annual rent of 180,000 francs. In the pre-revolutionary period Marquis Antoine-Jean-Galiot de Mandat was well respected by his acquaintances in Les Pins, in the north east of

, even by those who would soon lead Revolutionary efforts in the area. He is known in history as "a noble who embraced the revolutionary party" and thus his behaviour corresponded to that of his neighbours and peasants.

After 1789

In 1789 Antoine Galliot Mandat was aged 58. He was head of the 4th Legion of the National Guard. He lived at rue Chapon, n° 3. Brave and loyal to his oath to defend the inviolability of the head of state and the head of state's house, he supported the new ideas but remained highly devoted to

Louis XVI Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was ...

. He inspired great confidence in the royal court (in the words of

Adolphe Thiers Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers ( , ; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France and first President of the French Third Republic. Thiers was a key figure in the July Rev ...

"to the cause by his energy and his lights". His remarks leave no doubt as to his fidelity to the king: His ideas favouring a

constitutional monarchy A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies dif ...

arose from those close to the king.

Madame Campan Jeanne Louise ''Henriette'' Campan ('' née'' Genet; 6 OctoberMadame Campan, ''Memoirs of the Court of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France'', 1752, Paris 16 March 1822, Mantes) was a French educator, writer and Lady's maid. In the service of Mari ...

, whose father was a friend of Mandat, answered Louis XVI's question "Who is this Mandat who at this moment commands the National Guard?" by saying "Sire, he is the most faithful of your subjects, but with much loyalty and very little intelligence. He is in the interests of the Constitution.". The National Guard's attitude in 1792 was less loyal than Mandat's, though it varied from battalion to battalion: Guy de Rambaud also wrote that "the bataillon des Filles-Saint-Thomas, bataillon des Petits-Pères, bataillon de Henri IV and bataillon des Grands Augustins, protected us from brigands and rebels". Antoine Galiot Mandat "always offered his head as a guarantee of the king's good intentions", but after the

flight to Varennes The royal Flight to Varennes (french: Fuite à Varennes) during the night of 20–21 June 1791 was a significant event in the French Revolution in which King Louis XVI of France, Queen Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family unsuccessfull ...

and due to revolutionary propaganda he could no longer succeed in convincing all the national guards. The battalions of the Saint-Antoine and Saint-Marceau

faubourg "Faubourg" () is an ancient French term historically equivalent to " fore-town" (now often termed suburb or ). The earliest form is , derived from Latin , 'out of', and Vulgar Latin (originally Germanic) , 'town' or 'fortress'. Traditionally, th ...

s were openly hostile to him from 1789 onwards and in the other battalions the poorest guards were favourable to

Jacobin , logo = JacobinVignette03.jpg , logo_size = 180px , logo_caption = Seal of the Jacobin Club (1792–1794) , motto = "Live free or die"(french: Vivre libre ou mourir) , successor = Pa ...

ideas.

Mandat replaces La Fayette

He replaced La Fayette shortly before 10 August 1792 as commander in chief of the

. La Fayette had been a victim of false rumours as to his conduct and impeached. This proposition, backed by

Brissot Jacques Pierre Brissot (, 15 January 1754 – 31 October 1793), who assumed the name of de Warville (an English version of "d'Ouarville", a hamlet in the village of Lèves where his father owned property), was a leading member of the Girondins du ...

and heatedly fought by Vincent-Marie Viénot de Vaublanc and

Quatremère de Quincy Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (21 October 1755 – 28 December 1849) was a French armchair archaeologist and architectural theorist, a Freemason, and an effective arts administrator and influential writer on art. Life Born in Paris, ...

, was repulsed by a majority of 406 votes against 224. Because of the vote, the deputies who had provoked him were assaulted, beaten and threatened with death after the session had ended, until the National Guard came to their rescue. According to

Hippolyte Taine Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (, 21 April 1828 – 5 March 1893) was a French historian, critic and philosopher. He was the chief theoretical influence on French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practition ...

: "As to de Vaublanc, the main defender of La Fayette, having been attacked three times, he had taken the precaution not to go home but angry mobs showed up at his house, shouting that "eighty people will perish at their hands, and he would be first." Twelve men who had climbed into his apartment and rummaged around also ransacked nearby houses, and, unable to catch him, looked for his family; they warned that if he returned to his home, he would be killed." La Fayette tendered his resignation. The assault on the Tuileries by

Sans-culottes The (, 'without breeches') were the common people of the lower classes in late 18th-century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the . The ...

, Fédérés from the countryside and volunteers from Marseille under

Charles Barbaroux Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux (6 March 1767 – 25 June 1794) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period and Freemason. Biography Early career Born in Marseille, Barbaroux was educated at first by the local Oratorians, then studied l ...

was set for 10 August. They were given gunpowder and bullets by the municipality – a fact known to the court. Mandat, whose side was outnumbered, intended to defend the courts by posting some

Swiss Guards Swiss Guards (french: Gardes Suisses; german: Schweizergarde; it, Guardie Svizzere'')'' are Swiss soldiers who have served as guards at foreign European courts since the late 15th century. The earliest Swiss guard unit to be established on a p ...

and grenadiers. He even amassed the National Guard in the garden and placed cannons on

Pont Neuf The Pont Neuf (, "New Bridge") is the oldest standing bridge across the river Seine in Paris, France. It stands by the western (downstream) point of the Île de la Cité, the island in the middle of the river that was, between 250 and 225 BC, ...

and near

Tour Saint-Jacques The Tour Saint-Jacques (, 'Saint James's Tower') is a monument located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, France, at the intersection of Rue de Rivoli with Rue Nicolas Flamel. This Flamboyant Gothic tower is all that remains of the former 16th ...

, to stop the rioters' descent from

faubourgs "Faubourg" () is an ancient French term historically equivalent to " fore-town" (now often termed suburb or ). The earliest form is , derived from Latin , 'out of', and Vulgar Latin (originally Germanic) , 'town' or 'fortress'. Traditionally, thi ...

in the south and east.

Mandat's assassination

Before the attack, Mandat was summoned to the Hôtel de Ville by

Georges Danton Georges Jacques Danton (; 26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a French lawyer and a leading figure in the French Revolution. He became a deputy to the Paris Commune, presided in the Cordeliers district, and visited the Jacobin club. In Augus ...

and the new

Paris Commune The Paris Commune (french: Commune de Paris, ) was a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris, the capital of France, from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard had defended ...

at 3 or 4 a.m. He went there with his aide de camp after previously refusing to go there.

Pierre Louis Roederer Comte Pierre Louis Roederer (15 February 1754 – 17 December 1835) was a French politician, economist, and historian, politically active in the era of the French Revolution and First French Republic. Roederer's son, Baron Antoine Marie Roed ...

told him "The commander of the

is under the orders of the municipality." Mandat acted without receiving orders from

Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (, 3 January 1756 – 18 June 1794) was a French writer and politician who served as the second mayor of Paris, from 1791 to 1792. Early life and work Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve was the son of a prosecutor a ...

, the mayor of Paris. However he sent Villeneuve a letter that asked for orders. Mandat wrote to Villeneuve: De mailly et louis xvi

At the time Mandat was summoned, 47 of the 48 sections of Paris had added three commissioners to a municipal body that would have the mission to meet at the new Paris Commune for the purpose of saving France. Therefore, Mandat would have to deal with a new municipal body made up of insurgent revolutionaries. Mandat found himself in the middle of a crowd that pushed him to the steps of the Hôtel de Ville. There, he left his aide de camp; all eyes were fixed on Mandat. Arriving in the great hall of the Hôtel de Ville, Mandat found himself facing unfamiliar and stern faces. One of the members of the new Commune asked him, "By what order did you double the guard of the castle?" Mandat replied, "By order of the mayor of Paris." A member of the Commune brought an unsealed letter and asked to read it out loud. This letter had an order to the commander of the battalion posted at the Arcade Saint-Jean that enjoined him to launch an attack from behind against the revolutionaries who would go to the

Tuileries Palace The Tuileries Palace (french: Palais des Tuileries, ) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine, directly in front of the Louvre. It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs, from ...

while the battalion posted at

would attack the flank of the revolutionaries. The revolutionaries arrested Mandat, searched him and interrogated him about the order he had given. They wanted to send him to

prison de l'Abbaye The Prison de l’Abbaye was a Paris prison in use from 1522 to 1854. The final building was built by Christophe Gamard in 1631 and made up of three floors, flanked by two turrets (or more exactly, '' échauguettes''). It was the scene of a portio ...

. President of the Commune Sulpice Huguenin, also known as Peltier, said, "Let us train him!" Mandat had barely descended three steps from the steps of the Hôtel de Ville in Paris when he was shot in the head by a pistol. Wounded, he got up and was instantly struck by 20

pike Pike, Pikes or The Pike may refer to: Fish * Blue pike or blue walleye, an extinct color morph of the yellow walleye ''Sander vitreus'' * Ctenoluciidae, the "pike characins", some species of which are commonly known as pikes * ''Esox'', genus of ...

blows. His son, who was going to meet him, cried, "My father! My father!"

Louis-Marie Prudhomme Louis-Marie Prudhomme, (1752, Lyon, France - April 20, 1830, Paris, France) was a French journalism, journalist and historian. A bookseller in Lyon, then in Paris, Prudhomme settled in Meaux as a bookbinder. He returned to Paris, and was arrested ...

said that

had ordered the revolutionaries to kill Mandat. Soon, at the circle on the

Place de Grève Place may refer to: Geography * Place (United States Census Bureau), defined as any concentration of population ** Census-designated place, a populated area lacking its own municipal government * "Place", a type of street or road name ** Often ...

, the bloody head of Mandat was detached from his body and raised into the air. Mandat's aide de camp sets off at a gallop to announce what he has seen to those at the

. The assassins divided into two groups. One group threw the body into the

Seine ) , mouth_location = Le Havre/Honfleur , mouth_coordinates = , mouth_elevation = , progression = , river_system = Seine basin , basin_size = , tributaries_left = Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle , tributarie ...

; the other group carried Mandat's head on a pike through the streets of Paris. After Mandat's assassination,

Antoine Joseph Santerre Antoine Joseph Santerre (16 March 1752 in Paris6 February 1809) was a businessman and general during the French Revolution. Early life The Santerre family moved from Saint-Michel-en-Thiérache to Paris in 1747 where they purchased a brewery know ...

, a rich brewer from

Faubourg Saint-Antoine The Faubourg Saint-Antoine was one of the traditional suburbs of Paris, France. It grew up to the east of the Bastille around the abbey of Saint-Antoine-des-Champs, and ran along the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Location The Faubourg Saint-Ant ...

, was appointed as the provisional commander of the insurgents.

After his death

The sumptuous Hôtel du Président Duret, 67 rue de Lille, belonged to him in 1792 and remained in his son's ownership until 1797, despite Mandat's assassination.

Notes and references

Bibliography

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Grancey 1731 births 1792 deaths French Army officers People of the French Revolution Knights of the Order of Saint Louis People killed in the French Revolution