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Marcin Dunin Sulgostowski of
Łabędź coat of arms Łabędź (Polish for " Swan") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many noble families known as '' szlachta'' in Polish in medieval Poland and later under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, branches of the original medieval Duninowie Gr ...
(german: Martin von Dunin) (11 November 1774, in Wał – 26 December 1842, in
Poznań Poznań () is a city on the River Warta in west-central Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business centre, and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint John ...
) was
archbishop of Poznań In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdioc ...
and Gniezno, primate of Poland. He was the oldest son of common land owners, Felicjan and Brygida née Szczakowska, and grew up under the protection of his uncle, Wacław Szczakowski. His education began in the
Jesuits The Society of Jesus ( la, Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; la, Iesuitæ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
school in
Rawa Mazowiecka Rawa Mazowiecka is a town in central Poland, with 17,193 inhabitants (2020). It lies in the Łódź Voivodeship and is the capital of the Rawa County. From 1562 the city hosted the ''Rawa Treasury'' for the Polish army. During an excavation in 1 ...
, which was at that time a community in
Congress Poland Congress Poland, Congress Kingdom of Poland, or Russian Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It w ...
. He passed
Abitur ''Abitur'' (), often shortened colloquially to ''Abi'', is a qualification granted at the end of secondary education in Germany. It is conferred on students who pass their final exams at the end of ISCED 3, usually after twelve or thirteen year ...
on the German-language gymnasium in
Bromberg Bydgoszcz ( , , ; german: Bromberg) is a city in northern Poland, straddling the meeting of the River Vistula with its left-bank tributary, the Brda. With a city population of 339,053 as of December 2021 and an urban agglomeration with more ...
(now Bydgoszcz), the historic capital of the Royal
Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...
n Bromberg district. Between 1793 and 1797, he studied theology in Rome (Polish Rzym) at the ''
Collegium Germanicum The Collegio Teutonico (German College), historically often referred to by its Latin name Collegium Germanicum, is one of the Pontifical Colleges of Rome. The German College is the Pontifical College established for future ecclesiastics of German ...
''. Upon graduation he was ordained a
priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particu ...
. After his return to Prussia, he started his ecclesiastical career by serving as a
canon Canon or Canons may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Canon (fiction), the conceptual material accepted as official in a fictional universe by its fan base * Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture ** Western ca ...
in the Prussian communities of Wiślica (Wislitz) and
Włocławek Włocławek (Polish pronunciation: ; german: Leslau) is a city located in central Poland along the Vistula (Wisła) River and is bordered by the Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park. As of December 2021, the population of the city is 106,928. Loc ...
. In 1815, he became chancellor of the Gniezno (Gnesen)
Curia Curia (Latin plural curiae) in ancient Rome referred to one of the original groupings of the citizenry, eventually numbering 30, and later every Roman citizen was presumed to belong to one. While they originally likely had wider powers, they came ...
. He also held some secular offices – in 1817 he became the royal Prussian counselor for education in
Posen District Posen was the southern of two Prussian administrative regions, or ''Regierungsbezirke'' ( pl, rejencja), of the Grand Duchy of Posen (1815–49) and its successor, the Province of Posen (1849–1918). The administrative region was bordered ...
. Prussian authorities, considering Dunin's loyalty to the King of
Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...
, recommended him as a candidate for the
see See or SEE may refer to: * Sight - seeing Arts, entertainment, and media * Music: ** ''See'' (album), studio album by rock band The Rascals *** "See", song by The Rascals, on the album ''See'' ** "See" (Tycho song), song by Tycho * Television * ...
s of archbishops of Poznań and Gniezno. He was appointed to those offices in 1830 and became bishop one year later. As proof of his loyalty and on demand of the president of
Grand Duchy of Posen The Grand Duchy of Posen (german: Großherzogtum Posen; pl, Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie) was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, created from territories annexed by Prussia after the Partitions of Poland, and formally established following the ...
, Eduard Flottwell, Dunin wrote a pastoral letter condemning the
November Uprising The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in W ...
. On the other hand, Dunin got permission for Polish priests to communicate in Polish rather than German. In 1837, the conflict between Prussian authorities and the archbishop began. Dunin, according to the
breve A breve (, less often , neuter form of the Latin "short, brief") is the diacritic mark ˘, shaped like the bottom half of a circle. As used in Ancient Greek, it is also called , . It resembles the caron (the wedge or in Czech, in Slo ...
of
Pius VIII Pope Pius VIII ( it, Pio VIII; born Francesco Saverio Maria Felice Castiglioni; 20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 31 March 1829 to his death in November 1830. Pius VIII's ...
(1830), announced that all mixed marriages between Catholics and Protestants had to take an oath that all their offspring would be raised as Catholics. The Prussian authorities sentenced Dunin to six months of
internment Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects". Thus, while it can simpl ...
and the loss of his archbishopric thrones. His penalty started on April 3, 1839 in Berlin. The archbishop considered the sentence to be an unjustified intervention of secular authority into ecclesiastical law. He left Berlin and went to Poznań, where he was arrested. He was later sent to prison in the stronghold at Kolberg (Kołobrzeg). After ten months of penalty, the new king
Frederick William IV Frederick William IV (german: Friedrich Wilhelm IV.; 15 October 17952 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 7 June 1840 to his death on 2 January 1861. Also referred to ...
granted his freedom. The monarch, to prevent a possible uprising of the partial Polish majority of the Grand Duchy, decided the dismissal of Flottwell. This was a foretaste of the
Kulturkampf (, 'culture struggle') was the conflict that took place from 1872 to 1878 between the Catholic Church led by Pope Pius IX and the government of Prussia led by Otto von Bismarck. The main issues were clerical control of education and ecclesiastic ...
. Dunin held the
Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...
n
Order of the Black Eagle The Order of the Black Eagle (german: Hoher Orden vom Schwarzen Adler) was the highest order of chivalry in the Kingdom of Prussia. The order was founded on 17 January 1701 by Elector Friedrich III of Brandenburg (who became Friedrich I, King ...
. After his return to Poznań, Dunin swore loyalty to the new king, but he continued his anti-Prussian politics in church until his death. He was buried in the archcathedral of Poznań.


Works

* Wilhelm von Schütz; Martin von Dunin: ''Ueber die preussische Rechtsansicht wegen der gemischten Ehen''. Beigefügtes Werk: ''Nebst Rechtfertigung des Herrn v. Dunin auf die von der königl. Regierung in Berlin durch die Staatszeitung vom 31. Dezember 1838 veröffentlichte Erklärung''. Regensburg: Manz, 1839. * Martin von Dunin und Franz Pohl: ''Erzbischof von Gnesen und Posen: eine biographische und kirchenhistorische Skizze''. Marienburg: Dormann 1843. Posen: W. Stefański, 1850. * Marcin Dunin: ''Książka do nabożeństwa z polecenia najprzewielebniejszego śp. arcybiskupa Dunina dla wszystkich katolików szczególniej zaś dla wygody katolików Archidiecezyi Poznańskiéj i Gnieźnieńskiéj''. 2. ed. 1850. * Marcin Dunin: ''Książka do nabożeństwa dla wszystkich katolików, szczególniéj zaś dla wygody katolików archidyecezyi gnieźnieńskiéj i poznańskiéj / z polecenia najprzewielebniejszego arcybiskupa Dunin ułożone''. Leszno: E. Günther, 1853. * Marcin Dunin: ''Książka do nabożeństwa dla wszystkich katolików, szczególniéj zaś dla wygody katolików archidyecezyi gnieźnieńskiéj i poznańskiéj z polecenia najprzewielebniejszego X. arcy-biskupa Dunina ułożona, na nowo z rozkazu najprzewielebniejszego arcy-biskupa X. Leona Przyłuskiego przejrzana''. Gnesen: J. B. Lange, 1861. * Marcin Dunin: ''Książka do nabożeństwa dla wszystkich katolików, szczególniéj zaś dla wygody katolików archidyecezyi gnieźnieńskiéj i poznańskiéj / z polecenia najprzewielebniejszego X. arcy-biskupa Dunina ułożona, na nowo z rozkazu najprzewielebniejszego arcy-biskupa X. Leona Przyłuskiego przejrzana''. Gnesen: J. B. Lange, 1864. * Marcin Dunin: ''Książka do nabożeństwa dla wszystkich katolików / ułożona podług książki wydanéj z polecenia Najprzewielbniejszego Arcy-biskupa Dunina''. Tschenstochau: Kohn und Oderfeld, 1887. * Marcin Dunin: ''Nowy pana naszego Jezusa Chrystusa Testament z łacińskiego na język kpolski prezełożony przez Jakóba Wujka''. Posen: Nakł. Ksiegarni Katolickiej, 1888.


References

*
Antoni Gąsiorowski Antoni Gąsiorowski (born 24 November 1932 in Poznań) is a Polish medievalist historian, professor of humanities, member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. He graduated from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (1953) with a degree in ...
,
Jerzy Topolski Jerzy Topolski (20 September 1928 – 21 December 1998) was a Polish historian specializing in economic history, history of material culture, the early modern period, and theory and methodology of history. Member of Polish Academy of Sciences, p ...
(red.): ''Wielkopolski Słownik Biograficzny''. Warszawa-Poznań,1983. PWN * Anton Graf: ''Die Erzbischöfe von Cölln und Posen. Darstellung der welthistorischen Bedeutung der katholischen Frage in Preussen''. Leipzig, Müller 1838. * Martin von Dunin und Franz Pohl: ''Erzbischof von Gnesen und Posen: eine biographische und kirchenhistorische Skizze''. Marienburg: Dormann 1843. Posen: W. Stefański, 1850. * Józef Knjaź Walkowski: ''Ważne źródło do historyi arcybiskupa Dunina; Ks. Józefa Walkowskiego Pamiętniki pisane w niewoli kołobrzeskiej''. Wyd. i wstępem poprzedził Ks. Tadeusz Trzcíński. Poznań: Księgarnia Św. Wojciecha, 1908. * Manfred Laubert: ''Die Wahl Martin von Dunin zum Erzbischof von Gnesen und Posen''. Aus: Jahrbücher für Kultur und Geschichte der Slaven; 2.1926, S. 35 - 45. * Bernhard Stasiewski: ''Martin von Dunin''. In:
Neue Deutsche Biographie ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' (''NDB''; literally ''New German Biography'') is a biographical reference work. It is the successor to the ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (ADB, Universal German Biography). The 26 volumes published thus far cover ...
, Bd. 4, 1959, S. 197 f.


External links

* *
Biography at Radio Berlin-Brandenburg: German and Poles

List of Primates of Poland
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunin, Marcin 1774 births 1842 deaths People from Grójec County Marcin Archbishops of Gniezno Bishops of Poznań 19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Prussia People from the Grand Duchy of Posen Burials at Poznań Cathedral Catholic clergy of the Prussian partition