Marcantonio Raimondi, often called simply Marcantonio (c. 1470/82 – c. 1534), was an Italian engraver, known for being the first important

printmaker Printmaking is the process of creating work of art, artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only the process of creating prints using a hand proce ...

whose body of work consists largely of prints copying paintings. He is therefore a key figure in the rise of the

reproductive print An old master print is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition. The term remains current in the art trade, and there is no easy alternative in English to distinguish the works of "fine art" produced in printmakin ...

. He also systematized a technique of engraving that became dominant in Italy and elsewhere. His collaboration with Raphael greatly helped his career, and he continued to exploit Raphael's works after the painter's death in 1520, playing a large part in spreading High Renaissance styles across Europe. Much of the biographical information we have comes from his life, the only one of a printmaker, in Vasari's '' Lives of the Artists''. He is attributed with around 300 engravings. After years of great success, his career ran into trouble in the mid-1520s; he was imprisoned for a time in Rome over his role in the series of erotic prints '' I Modi'', and then, according to Vasari, lost all his money in the Sack of Rome in 1527, after which none of his work can be securely dated.

Biography

Early years

Marcantonio's date of birth is unknown, but was by 1482 at the latest. He was possibly born in Argine, near Bologna, Italy, where he is assumed to have grown up. He trained in the workshop of the leading goldsmith and painter in Bologna, Francesco Francia. Vasari claimed that Marcantonio quickly demonstrated more aptitude than Francia, and started designing and producing fashionable waist-buckles (among other items) in '' niello'' (engraved metal which is filled in with alloy in a contrasting colour). This is doubted, however, by Arthur Mayger Hind, who sees no evidence of a background in niello technique in his early engravings. No paintings produced by Marcantonio are known or documented, although some drawings survive. His first dated engraving, '' Pyramus and Thisbe'', comes from 1505, although a number of undated works come from the years before this. From 1505–11, Marcantonio engraved about 80 pieces, with a wide variety of subject matter, from

pagan Paganism (from classical Latin ''pāgānus'' "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism. ...

mythology, to religious scenes. His early works use his own compositions, combining elements from Francia and other North Italian artists, and like all Italian printmakers in these years he was strongly affected by the enormously accomplished prints of Dürer, which were widely distributed in Italy. Like other

s such as Giulio Campagnola, he borrowed elements of Dürer's landscapes in a cut and paste fashion, and also borrowed from his technique. Dürer was in Bologna in 1506, as was

Michelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo (), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was insp ...

, and he may have met one or both of them.Boorsch, 62

Reproductions

About this time he began to make copies of Dürer's woodcut series, the Life of the Virgin. This was extremely common practice, although normally engravers copied other expensive engravings rather than the cheaper woodcuts. However Dürer's woodcuts had raised the standard of the medium considerably, and since Marcantonio continued to copy a large number of both Dürer's engravings and woodcuts, he must have found it profitable. His early copies included Dürer's famous AD

monogram A monogram is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other graphemes to form one symbol. Monograms are often made by combining the initials of an individual or a company, used as recognizable symbols or logos. A series o ...

, and Dürer made a complaint to the Venetian Government, which won him some legal protection for his monogram, but not his compositions, in Venetian territory - an important case in the slowly evolving history of intellectual property law. Marcantonio appears to have spent some of the last half of the decade in Venice, but no dates are known.

Rome

Around 1510, Marcantonio travelled to Rome and entered the circle of artists surrounding Raphael. This influence began showing up in engravings titled ''The Climbers'' (in which he reproduced part of

's ''Soldiers surprised bathing'', also called ''

Battle of Cascina The Battle of Cascina was an engagement between Pisan and Florentine troops on 28 July 1364 near Cascina, modern-day Italy. Florence's victory followed a recent defeat to Pisan forces that had enabled mercenary John Hawkwood, who was in comman ...

''). After a reproduction of a work by Raphael, entitled ''Lucretia'', Raphael trained and assisted Marcantonio personally. Another famous engraving, the ''Judgement of Paris'', dated 1515 or 1516, after Raphael, became the composition source for Édouard Manet when he painted The Luncheon on the Grass. The two started a successful printing establishment under a colorgrinder, Il Baveria, that quickly expanded into an engraving school with Marcantonio at the head. Among his most distinguished pupils were Marco Dente (

Marco da Ravenna Marco Dente da Ravenna (1493–1527), usually just called Marco Dente, was an Italian engraving, engraver born in Ravenna in the latter part of the 15th Century. He was a prominent figure within the circle of printmakers around Marcantonio Raimond ...

Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio Jacopo Caraglio, Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio or Gian Giacomo Caraglio (c. 1500/1505 – 26 August 1565) known also as ''Jacobus Parmensis'' and ''Jacobus Veronensis'' was an Italian engraver, goldsmith and medallist, born at Verona or Parma ...

and

Agostino de Musi Agostino Veneziano ("Venetian Agostino"), whose real name was Agostino de' Musi (c. 1490 – c. 1540), was an important and prolific Italian engraver of the Renaissance. Life Veneziano was born in Venice, where he trained as an artist, though h ...

( Agostino Veneziano).

Later years

Marcantonio and his pupils continued to make engravings based upon Raphael's work, even after Raphael's death in 1520. In many instances, Marcantonio would not copy the finished painting, but instead worked from early sketches and drafts. This method produced variations on a theme and were moderately successful. Around 1524, Marcantonio was briefly imprisoned by Pope Clement VII for making the I modi set of erotic engravings, from the designs of Giulio Romano, which were later accompanied by sonnets written by Pietro Aretino. At the intercession of the Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, Baccio Bandinelli and Pietro Aretino, he was released, and set to work on his plate of the ''Martyrdom of St. Lawrence'' after Bandinelli. During the Sack of Rome, in 1527, he was forced to pay a heavy ransom by the Spaniards and fled in poverty. It is unclear where he stayed after his departure from Rome until his death in 1534. File:Bathers on the edge of a river bed, with hunters emerging fr Wellcome V0049686.jpg, ''Bathers on the edge of a river'', or ''The Climbers'', an important print of 1510, based on a detail of

's ''Battle of Cascina''; this was the last print he dated. File:Raimondi Statue of Marcus Aurelius.jpg, The

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius The ''Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius'' (, ) is an ancient Roman equestrian statue on the Capitoline Hill, Rome, Italy. It is made of bronze and stands 4.24 m (13.9 ft) tall. Although the emperor is mounted, it exhibits many similari ...

, one of many prints of antiquities. File:Marcantonio Raimondi - David and Goliath - WGA18973.jpg, '' David and Goliath'', 1515–16 File:Marcantonio Raimondi - Amadeus Berruti with Austeritas, Amititia, and Amor.jpg, ''Amadeus Berruti with Austeritas, Amititia, and Amor'', с. 1517 File:Joseph and Potiphar's Wife LACMA M.88.91.149.jpg, Joseph and

Potiphar's Wife Potiphar's wife is a figure in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran. She was the wife of Potiphar, the captain of Pharaoh's guard in the time of Jacob and his twelve sons. According to the Book of Genesis, she falsely accused Joseph of attempted ra ...

, c. 1520 File:A Young and an Old Bacchant.jpg, A Young and an Old Bacchant. File:Adam and Eve by Marcantonio Raimondi.jpg, F. Best after Marcantonio Raimondi,
Adam and Eve
', 19th century, engraving

Notes

References

*"BM
Marcantonio (Biographical details)
British Museum *Bohn, Babette. "Raimondi, Marcantonio." Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press. Web. 23 Jan. 2017
subscription required
* Boorsch, Suzanne, in: K.L. Spangeberg (ed), ''Six Centuries of Master Prints'', Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993, *Landau, David, in Landau, David and Parshall, Peter. ''The Renaissance Print'', Yale, 1996, *Pon, Lisa, ''Raphael, Dürer, and Marcantonio Raimondi, Copying and the Italian Renaissance Print'', 2004, Yale UP, * * ;Attribution *

External links

Biographical information

Artcyclopedia: Marcantonio Raimondi (1480 - 1527)

Reproductions of his works

Works at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa TongarewaCybermuseChilds GalleryMarcantonio Raimondi engravings from De Verda collectionPrints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures
an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Marcantonio Raimondi (see index) {{DEFAULTSORT:Raimondi, Marcantonio 1530s deaths People from Molinella Italian engravers Italian printmakers Renaissance engravers Year of birth uncertain