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''Marasmiellus'' is a
''Marasmiellus'' only represented three species when it was first described by
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...
in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius.
Not every polyg ...
by American mycologist William Murrill
William Alphonso Murrill (October 13, 1869 – December 25, 1957) was an American mycologist, known for his contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales and Polyporaceae. In 1904, he became the assistant Curator at the New York Botanical Ga ...
in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes from the Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
''marasmus
Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency. It can occur in anyone with severe malnutrition but usually occurs in children. Body weight is reduced to less than 62% of the normal (expected) body weight for the a ...
'' meaning ''wasting''.
Morphology and life cycle
The morphology of ''Marasmiellus'' has received little attention compared to other genera of ''Omphalotaceae
The Marasmiaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi which have white spores. They mostly have tough stems and the capability of shrivelling up during a dry period and later recovering. The widely consumed edible fungus ''Lentinula edodes'', the ...
'', mainly due to their uncolorful pileus, small basidiocarp
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome, or basidioma () is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not ...
s, and little variation in morphological characters. These factors complicate delimitations of species within this genus. Species of ''Marasmiellus'' have prostrate and diverticulate hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.
Structure
A hypha consists of one or ...
e, which have no clear orientation. However, it has been observed that outher hyphae can aggregate in fascicles and be radially oriented. Furthermore, cheilocystidia
A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that ar ...
arise from horizontal hyphae and are frequently embedded in the hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some ...
, often being prostrate. Some species of ''Marasmiellus'' use basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are pro ...
germination, and distuiguishing different genera based on reproduction would depend on the speed of germination. During germination spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...
s of Marasmiellus tend to disperse in dilution platings. Some species are tetrapolar. Additionally, no bipolar or amphithallic taxa in this genus have been reported, which is unexpected, as this mating behavior is common for tropical agaric
An agaric () is a type of fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. In the UK, agarics are called "mushrooms ...
s, by allowing rapid colonizations. Their basidiocarps are collybioid or omphalioid and they have a white spore print. The cutis consis of a pileipellis
The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fruit body
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowe ...
, which sometimes transitions into a trichoderm, either with or without Rameales-structure.
Ecology
Species of ''Marasmiellus'' are distributed around tropical and sub-tropical forested areas around the world, where they play a significant ecological role by beingsaprotrophic
Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi (f ...
, degrading leafy and woody remains. Some species are parasitic
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...
and attack certain plants that are economically important, such as sugar cane, maize, bananas, and coconut palms. Observations of rhizomorph
Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae. Cords may look similar to plant roots, and also frequently have similar functio ...
-forming species of ''Marasmiellus'' have also been confirmed (e.g ''Marasmiellus tenerrimus'' var ''setulosu'' and '' Marasmiellus opacu'').
Taxonomy
''Marasmiellus'' only represented three species when it was first described by William Murrill
William Alphonso Murrill (October 13, 1869 – December 25, 1957) was an American mycologist, known for his contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales and Polyporaceae. In 1904, he became the assistant Curator at the New York Botanical Ga ...
(''Marasmiellus inconspicuous
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes from the Greek ''marasmus'' m ...
'' Murrill (Cuba), ''Marasmiellus purpureus
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes from the Greek ''marasmus'' m ...
'' (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill (Cuba), and ''Marasmiellus juniperinus
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes f ...
'' Murrill (Jamaica)). Currently the genera consists of more than 250 species, of which the type species, ''M. juniperinus,'' remains the same as when the genera was first described. ''Marasmiellus'' was traditionally included in ''Tricholomataceae
The Tricholomataceae are a large family of mushrooms within the Agaricales. Originally a classic "wastebasket taxon", the family included any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to e.g. the ...
'' R. Heim ex Pouzar, but later DNA studies showed that parts of the genus belong to Omphalotaceae
The Marasmiaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi which have white spores. They mostly have tough stems and the capability of shrivelling up during a dry period and later recovering. The widely consumed edible fungus ''Lentinula edodes'', the ...
'','' which was described by A. Bresinsky in 1985 and is considered a synomyn to Marasmiaceae
The Marasmiaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi which have white spores. They mostly have tough stems and the capability of shrivelling up during a dry period and later recovering. The widely consumed edible fungus ''Lentinula edodes'', the ...
''.'' Furthermore, several studies show that the ''Marasmiellus'' branched as multiple polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...
and artificial groups''.'' This has led to conflict surrounding its position relative to ''Gymnopus
''Gymnopus'' is a genus of fungus in the family Omphalotaceae. The genus has a widespread, cosmopolitan distribution and contains about 300 species.
History and classification
The type species for the Gymnopus, '' Gymnopus fusipes,'' dates ba ...
'', and has resulted in two opposing views regarding their taxonomy: 1) ''Marasmiellus'' is encompassed within ''Gymnopus'' (inclusive), or 2) ''Marasmiellus'' remains a distinct genus from ''Gymnopus'' (restrictive). The most recent studies have shown that the second hypothesis is the strongest, placing ''Marasmiellus'' as a separate genus, but more research is required to confirm this.
Species
*'' Marasmiellus afer'' *'' Marasmiellus affixus'' *'' Marasmiellus albiceps'' *'' Marasmiellus albifolius'' *'' Marasmiellus albobrunnescens'' *'' Marasmiellus albofuscus'' *''Marasmiellus alliiodorus
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes from the Greek ''marasmus'' ...
''
*'' Marasmiellus alneus''
*'' Marasmiellus alvaradoi''
*'' Marasmiellus amazoniensis''
*'' Marasmiellus ambiguus''
*'' Marasmiellus amphicystis''
*'' Marasmiellus amygdalosporus''
*'' Marasmiellus anastomosus''
*'' Marasmiellus androsaceiformis''
*'' Marasmiellus angustispermus''
*'' Marasmiellus anomalus''
*'' Marasmiellus antarcticus''
*'' Marasmiellus anthocephalus''
*'' Marasmiellus aporposeptus''
*'' Marasmiellus appalachianus''
*'' Marasmiellus aquilus''
*'' Marasmiellus atropapillatus''
*'' Marasmiellus atrosetosus''
*'' Marasmiellus atrostipitatus''
*'' Marasmiellus aurantiorufescens''
*'' Marasmiellus baeosporoides''
*'' Marasmiellus baeosporus''
*'' Marasmiellus bambusicola''
*'' Marasmiellus bauhiniae''
*'' Marasmiellus berkeleyi''
*'' Marasmiellus bermudensis''
*'' Marasmiellus bisporiger''
*'' Marasmiellus bolivarianus''
*'' Marasmiellus bonaerensis''
*'' Marasmiellus bonii''
*'' Marasmiellus brevisporus''
*'' Marasmiellus brunneocarpus''
*'' Marasmiellus brunneomarginatus''
*'' Marasmiellus caatingensis''
*'' Marasmiellus caesioater''
*'' Marasmiellus caespitosus''
*'' Marasmiellus calami''
*'' Marasmiellus californicus''
*'' Marasmiellus candidus''
*'' Marasmiellus caracasensis''
*'' Marasmiellus carneopallidus''
*'' Marasmiellus castaneidiscus''
*'' Marasmiellus catephes''
*'' Marasmiellus celebanticus''
*'' Marasmiellus chamaecyparidis''
*'' Marasmiellus chilensis''
*'' Marasmiellus cinchonensis''
*'' Marasmiellus cinereus''
*'' Marasmiellus clitocybe''
*'' Marasmiellus clusilis''
*'' Marasmiellus cnacopolius''
*'' Marasmiellus cocophilus''
*'' Marasmiellus cocosensis''
*'' Marasmiellus coilobasis''
*'' Marasmiellus colocasiae''
*'' Marasmiellus columbianus''
*'' Marasmiellus confertifolius''
*'' Marasmiellus contrarius''
*'' Marasmiellus corsicus''
*'' Marasmiellus corticigenus''
*'' Marasmiellus corticum''
*'' Marasmiellus corynophloeus''
*'' Marasmiellus couleu''
*'' Marasmiellus crassitunicatus''
*'' Marasmiellus crinipelloides''
*'' Marasmiellus cubensis''
*'' Marasmiellus cupreovirens''
*'' Marasmiellus curtipes''
*'' Marasmiellus cystidiosus''
*'' Marasmiellus daguae''
*'' Marasmiellus dealbatus''
*'' Marasmiellus defibulatus''
*'' Marasmiellus delicius''
*'' Marasmiellus delilei''
*'' Marasmiellus dendroegrus''
*'' Marasmiellus devenulatus''
*'' Marasmiellus distantifolius''
*'' Marasmiellus dryogeton''
*'' Marasmiellus dunensis''
*'' Marasmiellus earlei''
*'' Marasmiellus eburneus''
*'' Marasmiellus echinocephalus''
*'' Marasmiellus elongatisporus''
*'' Marasmiellus enodis''
*'' Marasmiellus epibryus''
*'' Marasmiellus epitrichialis''
*'' Marasmiellus epochnous''
*'' Marasmiellus eugeniae''
*'' Marasmiellus filocystis''
*'' Marasmiellus filopes''
*'' Marasmiellus flaccidus''
*'' Marasmiellus flosculus''
*'' Marasmiellus foliicola''
*'' Marasmiellus foliorum''
*'' Marasmiellus fusicystis''
*'' Marasmiellus gigantosporus''
*'' Marasmiellus gilvus''
*'' Marasmiellus gomez-pompae''
*'' Marasmiellus goossensiae''
*'' Marasmiellus gossypinulus''
*'' Marasmiellus graminis''
*'' Marasmiellus gregarius''
*'' Marasmiellus guadelupensis''
*'' Marasmiellus guatopoensis''
*'' Marasmiellus guzmanii''
*'' Marasmiellus hapuuarum''
*'' Marasmiellus helminthocystis''
*'' Marasmiellus hirtellus''
*'' Marasmiellus hondurensis''
*'' Marasmiellus humillimus''
*'' Marasmiellus hypolissus''
*'' Marasmiellus idroboi''
*'' Marasmiellus ignobilis''
*'' Marasmiellus iguazuensis''
*'' Marasmiellus illinorum''
*'' Marasmiellus incarnatipallens''
*'' Marasmiellus inconspicuus''
*'' Marasmiellus incrustatus''
*'' Marasmiellus inoderma''
*'' Marasmiellus inodermatoides''
*''Marasmiellus juniperinus
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes f ...
''
*'' Marasmiellus junquitoensis''
*'' Marasmiellus keralensis''
*'' Marasmiellus kindyerracola''
*'' Marasmiellus koreanus''
*'' Marasmiellus laschiopsis''
*'' Marasmiellus lassei''
*'' Marasmiellus lateralis''
*'' Marasmiellus latispermus''
*'' Marasmiellus laurifoliae''
*'' Marasmiellus lecythidacearum''
*'' Marasmiellus leiophyllus''
*'' Marasmiellus leptophyllus''
*'' Marasmiellus leucophyllus''
*'' Marasmiellus luteus''
*'' Marasmiellus lysochlorus''
*'' Marasmiellus maas-geesterani''
*'' Marasmiellus mariluanensis''
*'' Marasmiellus maritimus''
*'' Marasmiellus martynii''
*'' Marasmiellus merulius''
*'' Marasmiellus mesosporus''
*'' Marasmiellus microscopicus''
*'' Marasmiellus milicae''
*'' Marasmiellus minutalis''
*'' Marasmiellus minutus''
*'' Marasmiellus misionensis''
*'' Marasmiellus musacearum''
*'' Marasmiellus nanus''
*'' Marasmiellus napoensis''
*'' Marasmiellus nivosus''
*'' Marasmiellus nodosus''
*'' Marasmiellus nothofagineus''
*'' Marasmiellus nubigenus''
*'' Marasmiellus oblongisporus''
*'' Marasmiellus oligocinsulae''
*'' Marasmiellus omphaloides''
*'' Marasmiellus omphalophorus''
*'' Marasmiellus orinocensis''
*'' Marasmiellus osmophorus''
*'' Marasmiellus osornensis''
*'' Marasmiellus pachycraspedum''
*'' Marasmiellus pacificus''
*'' Marasmiellus paludosus''
*'' Marasmiellus panamensis''
*'' Marasmiellus pandoensis''
*'' Marasmiellus pantholocystis''
*'' Marasmiellus papillatomarginatus''
*'' Marasmiellus papillatus''
*'' Marasmiellus papillifer''
*'' Marasmiellus paraensis''
*'' Marasmiellus paralacteus''
*'' Marasmiellus parlatorei''
*'' Marasmiellus paspali''
*'' Marasmiellus patouillardii''
*'' Marasmiellus peckii''
*'' Marasmiellus perangustispermnus''
*'' Marasmiellus pernambucensis''
*'' Marasmiellus petchii''
*'' Marasmiellus petiolicola''
*'' Marasmiellus petiolorum''
*'' Marasmiellus peullensis''
*'' Marasmiellus phaeomarasmioides''
*'' Marasmiellus phaeophyllus''
*'' Marasmiellus picipes''
*'' Marasmiellus pilosus''
*'' Marasmiellus platyhyphes''
*'' Marasmiellus pluvius''
*'' Marasmiellus polyphyllus''
*'' Marasmiellus potamogeton''
*'' Marasmiellus potassiovirens''
*'' Marasmiellus praeacutus''
*'' Marasmiellus primulae''
*'' Marasmiellus primulinus''
*'' Marasmiellus pruinosulus''
*'' Marasmiellus pseudogracilis''
*'' Marasmiellus pseudoparaphysatus''
*'' Marasmiellus pseudoramealis''
*'' Marasmiellus pulchellus''
*'' Marasmiellus pusillimus''
*'' Marasmiellus pygmaeus''
*'' Marasmiellus quercinus''
*'' Marasmiellus radiatim-plicatus''
*'' Marasmiellus ramealis''
*'' Marasmiellus ramorum''
*'' Marasmiellus rawakensis''
*'' Marasmiellus rhizomorphogenus''
*'' Marasmiellus rhodophyllus''
*'' Marasmiellus riberaltensis''
*'' Marasmiellus rosascentifolius''
*'' Marasmiellus roseipallens''
*'' Marasmiellus roseotinctus''
*'' Marasmiellus rubellus''
*'' Marasmiellus rugulosus''
*'' Marasmiellus saccharophilus''
*'' Marasmiellus salmonicolor''
*'' Marasmiellus sanctae-marthae''
*''Marasmiellus scandens
''Marasmiellus scandens'' is a plant pathogen that causes white thread on cocoa
Cocoa may refer to:
Chocolate
* Chocolate
* ''Theobroma cacao'', the cocoa tree
* Cocoa bean, seed of ''Theobroma cacao''
* Chocolate liquor, or cocoa liquor, pur ...
''
*'' Marasmiellus schiffneri''
*'' Marasmiellus segregabilis''
*'' Marasmiellus senescens''
*'' Marasmiellus sinensis''
*'' Marasmiellus sotae''
*'' Marasmiellus sphaerosporus''
*''Marasmiellus sprucei
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes f ...
''
*'' Marasmiellus stenocystis''
*'' Marasmiellus stenophylloides''
*'' Marasmiellus stenosporus''
*'' Marasmiellus stratosus''
*'' Marasmiellus stypinoides''
*'' Marasmiellus stypinus''
*'' Marasmiellus subaurantiacus''
*'' Marasmiellus subcoracinus''
*'' Marasmiellus subdealbatus''
*'' Marasmiellus subepiphyllus''
*'' Marasmiellus subfumosus''
*'' Marasmiellus subgraminis''
*'' Marasmiellus subhirtellus''
*'' Marasmiellus subingratus''
*'' Marasmiellus subinodermatoides''
*'' Marasmiellus subnigricans''
*'' Marasmiellus subochraceus''
*'' Marasmiellus subolivaceomelleus''
*'' Marasmiellus subpumilus''
*'' Marasmiellus subramealis''
*'' Marasmiellus synodicus''
*'' Marasmiellus tener''
*'' Marasmiellus tenerrimus''
*'' Marasmiellus tetrachrous''
*'' Marasmiellus thaxteri''
*'' Marasmiellus trabutii''
*'' Marasmiellus trichodermialis''
*'' Marasmiellus tricolor''
*'' Marasmiellus tropicalis''
*''Marasmiellus troyanus
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes f ...
''
*'' Marasmiellus ugandensis''
*'' Marasmiellus umbilicatus''
*'' Marasmiellus umbonifer''
*''Marasmiellus usambarensis
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes from the Greek ''marasmus'' ...
''
*'' Marasmiellus vaillantii''
*'' Marasmiellus varzeae''
*'' Marasmiellus vernalis''
*''Marasmiellus vinosus
''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae (synonym to Marasmiaceae). The widespread genus, circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species.
The name comes from the Greek ''marasmus'' ...
''
*'' Marasmiellus violaceogriseus''
*'' Marasmiellus violae''
*'' Marasmiellus virgatocutis''
*'' Marasmiellus viridifuscus''
*'' Marasmiellus volvatus''
*'' Marasmiellus xerophyticus''
*'' Marasmiellus yalae''
See also
*List of Marasmiaceae genera
The Marasmiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. It includes over 50 genera and some 1590 species.
Genera
Notes and references
;Notes
;References
{{reflist, 2, refs=
{{cite journal , last=Agerer , first=R. , year=1973 ...
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q890404 Marasmiaceae Agaricales genera Taxa named by William Alphonso Murrill