Cross section showing manto ore deposits

A polymetallic replacement deposit, also known as carbonate replacement deposit or high-temperature carbonate-hosted Ag-Pb-Zn deposit,Megaw, P.K.M., Ruiz, J., and Titley, S.R., 1988, High-Temperature, Carbonate-Hosted Ag-Pb-Zn(Cu) Deposits of Northern Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 83, pp.1856-1885 is an orebody of metallic minerals formed by the replacement of sedimentary, usually carbonate rock, by metal-bearing solutions in the vicinity of igneous intrusions. When the ore forms a blanketlike body along the bedding plane of the rock, it is commonly called a manto ore deposit. Other ore geometries are chimneys and veins. Polymetallic replacements/mantos are often stratiform wall-rock replacement orebodies distal to porphyry copper deposits, or porphyry molybdenum deposits.Ray, G., Webster, I., Megaw, P., McGlasson, J., and Glover, K., 2001, The Lustdust Property in Central British Columbia: A Polymetallic Zoned Porphyry-Skarn-Manto-Vein System: British Columbia Geological Survey Geological Fieldwork 2001, p. 257-280 The term ''manto'' is from the Spanish word for ''mantle'', or ''cloak'', although the geologic ''manto'' is more like a ''mantle roll'' than a sheetlike structure. Although similar in orebody geometry, host-rock lithology, and the presence of lead and zinc, carbonate hosted lead zinc ore deposits, also known as Mississippi Valley type, are considered a different type of ore deposits. Mississippi valley type ore deposits lack silver and gold mineralization, are lower temperature, and are not associated with nearby igneous intrusions.

Mineralogy

Polymetallic replacement deposits are significant sources of copper, gold, silver, lead, manganese, and zinc. The metallic ore minerals are mostly in sulfides, such as

galena Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS). It is the most important ore of lead and an important source of silver. Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. It cryst ...

sphalerite Sphalerite (sometimes spelled sphaelerite) is a sulfide mineral with the chemical formula . It is the most important ore of zinc. Sphalerite is found in a variety of deposit types, but it is primarily in Sedimentary exhalative deposits, sedimen ...

, enargite, and argentite. Gangue minerals include quartz, pyrite, rhodochrosite and

barite Baryte, barite or barytes ( or ) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate ( Ba S O4). Baryte is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of the element barium. The ''baryte group'' consists of baryte, celestine (strontium sulfate), ...

. The mineralogy changes with distance from the intrusive rock. Closest to the intrusion is the copper-gold zone; next is the lead-silver zone, then the zinc-manganese zone.

Classification

Manto ore deposits are defined by a strict stratigraphic control on their distribution, generally within a porous formation within a structural trap site. They are distinct from other copper ore bodies in that they are not associated with

shear zone In geology, a shear zone is a thin zone within the Earth's crust or upper mantle that has been strongly deformed, due to the walls of rock on either side of the zone slipping past each other. In the upper crust, where rock is brittle, the shear ...

s, and an intrusive link to manto deposit formation is not conclusively proven, but is often inferred.

Genetic model

The genetic model of manto formation is debated, but consists of the following broad principles; * The ''source'' of ore within manto deposits is considered to be interformational, from a sedimentary source within an adjacent sedimentary basin, or from ore fluids driven off from a granite intrusive. * The ''transport'' of copper into the manto deposit position was likely hydrothermal, either a metamorphic solution or copper-bearing hydrothermal solutions generated by intrusive granites. * The ''trap'' where the ore materials concentrated is typically a coarse-grained member of a carbonate formation, and the manto is usually sited in a stratigraphic or structural pinch-out of this formation although it is now thought that hydrocarbons may have assisted in the migration of metals into favorable trap sites.

Morphology

Manto deposits were first described in great detail in Chile, where they sit within sedimentary strata overlying large granitic intrusions, in regions adjacent to porphyry copper deposits. In Chile, the arid climate and deep regolith development, tended to favor preservation of chalcocite- malachite- azurite assemblages in the manto deposits, leading workers to believe that they were weathered equivalents of primary chalcopyrite deposits of porphyry-copper derivation. However, recent work suggests that there may be primary chalcocite and bornite formed within degraded petroleum within trap sites, with copper precipitating from solution by reduction in contact with the reduced carbon. Thus, manto deposits need not be the weathered equivalents of primary chalcopyrite. Manto deposits may be formed in proximity to intrusives, for instance in the La Providencia mine, Mexico, a porphyry

stock In finance, stock (also capital stock) consists of all the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided.Longman Business English Dictionary: "stock - ''especially AmE'' one of the shares into which ownership of a company ...

is the feeder for some twenty mantos as the pipe intersects favorable layers in the sedimentary sequence. However, these manto deposits are analogous to skarn deposits, and in some cases terminology may be misused. In many instances, manto/ polymetallic replacement/ carbonate replacement deposits can be considered as the distal part of a continuum with skarn deposits.

Example manto deposits

* Atacocha, PeruDan L. Mosier, Hal T. Morris, and Donald A. Singer, 1986, "Grade and tonnage models of polymetallic replacement deposits," in Dennis P. Cox and Donald A. Singer, ''Mineral Deposit Models'', US Geological Survey, Bulletin 1693, p.101-104. *

Bingham Canyon The Bingham Canyon Mine, more commonly known as Kennecott Copper Mine among locals, is an open-pit mining operation extracting a large porphyry copper deposit southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Oquirrh Mountains. The mine is the largest m ...

, Utah (peripheral to the porphyry Copper) * El Boleo Mine,

Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring children gifts during the late evening and overnigh ...

, Mexico * Charcas, San Luis Potosi, Mexico *

Gilman, Colorado Gilman is an abandoned mining town in southeastern Eagle County, Colorado, United States. The U.S. Post Office at Minturn ( ZIP Code 81645) now serves Gilman postal addresses. Founded in 1886 during the Colorado Silver Boom, the town late ...

(zinc) * Laurium, Greece * Leadville mining district, Colorado (silver, lead, zinc) * Magma Mine,

Superior, Arizona Superior (Western Apache: Yooʼ Łigai) is a town in Pinal County, Arizona. According to the 2020 census, the population of the town is 2,407. Superior was founded as a mining town for the Silver King and the later Magma mines; silver was mined ...

(copper) * Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico * Park City, Utah (silver) * Pioche, Nevada (silver) * Platosa, Mexico * Santa Eulalia, Mexico * Taylor-Hermosa, Sunnyside, Arizona * Tintic, Utah, (silver) * Tombstone, Arizona

References