The Mannlicher M1895 (german: link=no, Infanterie Repetier-Gewehr M.95, hu, Gyalogsági Ismétlő Puska M95; "Infantry Repeating-Rifle M95") is a
straight pull
Bolt-action is a type of manual firearm action that is operated by ''directly'' manipulating the bolt via a bolt handle, which is most commonly placed on the right-hand side of the weapon (as most users are right-handed).
Most bolt-action ...
bolt-action
Bolt-action is a type of manual firearm action that is operated by ''directly'' manipulating the bolt via a bolt handle, which is most commonly placed on the right-hand side of the weapon (as most users are right-handed).
Most bolt-action ...
rifle, designed by
Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher
Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher (January 30, 1848 – January 20, 1904) was an Austrian engineer and small arms designer. Along with James Paris Lee, Mannlicher was particularly noted for inventing the en-bloc clip charger-loading magazine system ...
that used a refined version of his revolutionary straight-pull action bolt, much like the
Mannlicher M1890 carbine
The Repeating Carbine Model 1890 a.k.a. Mannlicher Model 1890 Carbine is a bolt-action rifle, designed by Ferdinand Mannlicher that used a new version of his straight-pull action bolt. It was introduced as an alternative to the Mannlicher M1888 a ...
. It was nicknamed the ''Ruck-Zuck-
ewehr' by Austrian troops (ruck-zuck spoken as "roock-tsoock", in common language meaning "back and forth
ifle) and "Ta-Pum" by Italian troops who wrote a song
( it) about it during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. The primary producers were the OEWG in Steyr, and
FÉG in Budapest.
Originally they were chambered for the round-nosed
8×50mmR cartridge, but almost all were rechambered to accept the more powerful spitzer
8×56mmR
The 8×56mmR or 8×56mmR M30S ( C.I.P. civil designation) cartridge was adopted in the year 1930 by Austria, in 1931 by the Kingdom of Hungary and in 1934 by the Kingdom of Bulgaria as a replacement for the 8×50mmR Mannlicher cartridge.
History
...
cartridge in the 1930s.
Method of Operation
The M1895 is unusual in employing a straight-pull bolt action, as opposed to the more common rotating bolt-handle of other rifles. It combines a two lug rotating bolt head, similar in construction to that found on a Mauser rifle with a pair of helical grooves cut in the bolt body to turn the back and forth movement of the bolt handle and body into the rotational movement of the bolt head. The extractor performs both the usual function, and also has a tail attached which interfaces with slots on the cam surfaces of the bolt head to prevent the bolt head from rotating as a result of the striker's spring pressure once it has been unlocked.
The angle of the cam surfaces in the bolt and bolt body is different from the angle at which the locking recesses are cut in the receiver of the rifle, the result is that the first 20 mm of travel of the bolt body results in the rotation of the bolt head but only about 3 mm of rearward movement, this gives mechanical advantage to the system and accomplishes
primary extraction
In breechloading firearms, primary extraction is the initial phase (the first few millimeters) of the extraction of a spent casing from the firearm chamber. After the primary extraction comes the secondary extraction where the bolt is moved furt ...
.
The result of this is that the user can pull the bolt back and forth in two movements rather than the up-back-forward-down of conventional turn bolt rifles. It is consequently renowned for combining relatively high
rate of fire (around 20–25 rounds per minute) with reliability and sturdiness, although this requires decent care and maintenance. During Austro-Hungarian trials in 1892, rifles survived torture testing of firing 50,000 rounds without any form of lubrication.
The rifle is loaded by means of a five-round
en-bloc clip
A clip is a device that is used to store multiple rounds of ammunition together as a unit for insertion into the magazine or cylinder of a firearm. This speeds up the process by loading the firearm with several rounds at once, rather than one at a ...
, which when loaded with cartridges, is pressed into the magazine of the rifle, where it is retained and acts at the feed lips of the magazine. When the last of the five rounds has been chambered, there is no longer anything retaining the clip in the magazine and it falls out a port in the bottom due to gravity
There is a button in the front of the trigger guard which allows the user to eject a partially or fully loaded clip from the magazine when the bolt is open to unload the weapon. The clip will be ejected from the weapon quite energetically as the full force of the follower spring will be pressing against it.
The rifle is not designed to be loaded by any other means but the en-bloc clip. Attempts to single feed the rifle in absence of proper clips may cause damage to the extractor as it is not designed with enough travel to overcome the large rims of the 8x50mmR and 8x56mmR cartridges used in the M1895 unless they are fed under the extractor from the clip.
History
![Isonzo front colorization](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Isonzo_front_colorization.jpg)
It was initially adopted and employed by the
Austro-Hungarian Army
The Austro-Hungarian Army (, literally "Ground Forces of the Austro-Hungarians"; , literally "Imperial and Royal Army") was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint arm ...
throughout
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, and retained post-war by both the
Austrian
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
and
Hungarian armies. The main foreign user was
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
, which, starting in 1903, acquired large numbers and continued using them throughout
both Balkan and World Wars. After Austria-Hungary's defeat in
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, many were given to other Balkan states as
war reparations
War reparations are compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other. They are intended to cover damage or injury inflicted during a war.
History
Making one party pay a war indemnity is a common practice with a long history.
R ...
. A number of these rifles also saw use in
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, particularly by second line, reservist, and partisan units in Romania, Yugoslavia, Italy, and to lesser degree, Germany. Post war many were sold as cheap surplus, with some finding their way to the hands of African
guerrillas
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tacti ...
in the 1970s and many more being exported to the United States as sporting and collectible firearms.
The M1895 bolt also served as an almost exact template for the ill-fated Canadian M1905
Ross rifle, though the later M1910 used a complicated
interrupted-thread instead of two solid
lugs.
Ammunition
The M1895 was originally chambered in the 8mm M.1893 scharfe Patrone (
8×50mmR Mannlicher
The Austro-Hungarian 8×50mmR Mannlicher or 8×50mmR M93 is a service cartridge dating back to the days of semi-smokeless powder. It was later replaced by (and many weapons were rechambered for) the 8×56mmR cartridge.
History
M90
In approxi ...
) cartridge. Between the world wars, both Austria and Hungary converted the majority of their rifles to fire the more powerful
8×56mmR
The 8×56mmR or 8×56mmR M30S ( C.I.P. civil designation) cartridge was adopted in the year 1930 by Austria, in 1931 by the Kingdom of Hungary and in 1934 by the Kingdom of Bulgaria as a replacement for the 8×50mmR Mannlicher cartridge.
History
...
round.
Yugoslavia converted at least some of their captured M1895s to
7.92×57mm Mauser, fed by
stripper clips instead of the original model's
en bloc clip system. This conversion was designated M95/24 and M95M. The M95/24 is often mistakenly attributed to Bulgaria, but
8×57mm IS was never a standard cartridge of the Bulgarian military. These conversions are prized by collectors for their relative scarcity and chambering in a commonly available round, but suffer from a fragile
extractor and a lack of replacement parts.
Variants
For the post World War I conversions see ''
Conversions''.
Rifle
The "Infantry Repeating-Rifle M1895" (german: link=no, Infanterie Repetier-Gewehr M1895) was the basic variant. It was chambered for the
8×50mmR Mannlicher
The Austro-Hungarian 8×50mmR Mannlicher or 8×50mmR M93 is a service cartridge dating back to the days of semi-smokeless powder. It was later replaced by (and many weapons were rechambered for) the 8×56mmR cartridge.
History
M90
In approxi ...
cartridge. Its iron sights were graduated 300–2600
paces
A pace is a unit of length consisting either of one normal walking step (approximately ), or of a double step, returning to the same foot (approximately ). The normal pace length decreases with age and some health conditions. The word "pace" is al ...
(225–1950 m). It was used during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
by the majority of the
Austro-Hungarian Army
The Austro-Hungarian Army (, literally "Ground Forces of the Austro-Hungarians"; , literally "Imperial and Royal Army") was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint arm ...
troops.
Stutzen
This stutzen or short rifle (official designation german: link=no, Repetier-Stutzen M1895; "Repeating-Stutzen M1895") was mainly used by special troops (i.e.
storm troops) during World War I. It chambered the
8×50mmR Mannlicher
The Austro-Hungarian 8×50mmR Mannlicher or 8×50mmR M93 is a service cartridge dating back to the days of semi-smokeless powder. It was later replaced by (and many weapons were rechambered for) the 8×56mmR cartridge.
History
M90
In approxi ...
cartridge. Its sights were graduated 500–2400
paces
A pace is a unit of length consisting either of one normal walking step (approximately ), or of a double step, returning to the same foot (approximately ). The normal pace length decreases with age and some health conditions. The word "pace" is al ...
(375–1800 m).
Weight:
Length:
Barrel length:
Carbine
The carbine (official designation german: link=no, Kavalerie Repetier-Carabiner M1895; "Cavalry Repeating-Carbine M1895") was chambered
8×50mmR Mannlicher
The Austro-Hungarian 8×50mmR Mannlicher or 8×50mmR M93 is a service cartridge dating back to the days of semi-smokeless powder. It was later replaced by (and many weapons were rechambered for) the 8×56mmR cartridge.
History
M90
In approxi ...
and used by
cavalry
Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from "cheval" meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were the most mobile of the combat arms, operating as light cavalry ...
units of the
Austro-Hungarian Army
The Austro-Hungarian Army (, literally "Ground Forces of the Austro-Hungarians"; , literally "Imperial and Royal Army") was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint arm ...
as a replacement of the
Mannlicher M1890 carbine
The Repeating Carbine Model 1890 a.k.a. Mannlicher Model 1890 Carbine is a bolt-action rifle, designed by Ferdinand Mannlicher that used a new version of his straight-pull action bolt. It was introduced as an alternative to the Mannlicher M1888 a ...
. The sights were graduated 500–2400
paces
A pace is a unit of length consisting either of one normal walking step (approximately ), or of a double step, returning to the same foot (approximately ). The normal pace length decreases with age and some health conditions. The word "pace" is al ...
(375–1800 m). Although it originally didn't have
bayonet lug
A bayonet lug is a standard feature on most military muskets, rifles, and shotguns, and on some civilian longarms. It is intended for attaching a bayonet, which is typically a long spike or thrusting knife. The bayonet lug is the metal mount t ...
s, during World War I it was fitted with stutzen-like front barrel band with bayonet lugs after mounted cavalry units were found ineffective.
Weight:
Length:
Barrel length:
Sniper rifle
![Mannlicher M1895 sniper rifle](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Mannlicher_M1895_sniper_rifle.png)
The main difference from the standard rifle and sniper was the telescopic sight mount. The scope was mounted slightly to the left so the rifle could be fed by the
en-bloc clip
A clip is a device that is used to store multiple rounds of ammunition together as a unit for insertion into the magazine or cylinder of a firearm. This speeds up the process by loading the firearm with several rounds at once, rather than one at a ...
. Approximately 6,000 long and short barreled sniper rifles were made in the years 1915–1918.
[
]
Conversions
![1672 - Salzburg - Festung Hohensalzburg - Repetierstutzen M95-30](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/1672_-_Salzburg_-_Festung_Hohensalzburg_-_Repetierstutzen_M95-30.JPG)
The M95/30 was a conversion in the
First Austrian Republic
The First Austrian Republic (german: Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I w ...
by
Steyr-Mannlicher
Steyr Arms () is a firearms manufacturer based in Sankt Peter in der Au, Austria. Originally part of Steyr-Daimler-Puch, it became independent when the conglomerate was broken up in 1989. Prior to 1 January 2019, the company was named Steyr Man ...
during 1930–1940. These rifles carry the letter S meaning
Spitzer
Spitzer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andre Spitzer (1945–1972), Israeli fencing coach and victim of the Munich massacre
* Bernard Spitzer (1924–2014), American real estate developer and philanthropist, father of Eli ...
stamped on the barrel. Main modification was the rechambering to
8×56mmR
The 8×56mmR or 8×56mmR M30S ( C.I.P. civil designation) cartridge was adopted in the year 1930 by Austria, in 1931 by the Kingdom of Hungary and in 1934 by the Kingdom of Bulgaria as a replacement for the 8×50mmR Mannlicher cartridge.
History
...
cartridge. Other changes were the conversion of ladder sights from the older
pace
Pace or paces may refer to:
Business
*Pace (transit), a bus operator in the suburbs of Chicago, US
* Pace Airlines, an American charter airline
*Pace Foods, a maker of a popular brand of salsa sold in North America, owned by Campbell Soup Compan ...
unit to meters and addition of a brass front sight protector. Many long rifles were cut down to Stutzen length. Most of M95/30s were sent to Bulgaria during 1938–40, where front sight protectors were removed.
![1626 - Salzburg - Festung Hohensalzburg - Repetier](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/1626_-_Salzburg_-_Festung_Hohensalzburg_-_Repetier.JPG)
The 31.M or M95/31 was a conversion done in the
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
. Rifles were converted 1931–1935 by
FÉG in
Budapest
Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...
and carry the letter H meaning Hegyes Töltény (pointed bullet) stamped on top of the chamber. The conversion included rechambering to the new
8×56mmR
The 8×56mmR or 8×56mmR M30S ( C.I.P. civil designation) cartridge was adopted in the year 1930 by Austria, in 1931 by the Kingdom of Hungary and in 1934 by the Kingdom of Bulgaria as a replacement for the 8×50mmR Mannlicher cartridge.
History
...
pointed bullet cartridge, new metric ladder sights and the addition of a front-sight protector. Long rifles were cut down to carbine length and designated 31/a.M. They were not used for much time and were withdrawn to storage when the new
35M rifle was introduced. Some were reissued during World War II. A small number were rechambered but were not cut down for the Hungarian Governmental Guards; these had special long bayonets.
The M95M or M95/24 was a conversion to
7.92×57mm
8 (eight) is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9.
In mathematics
8 is:
* a composite number, its proper divisors being , , and . It is twice 4 or four times 2.
* a power of two, being 2 (two cubed), and is the first number of the ...
cartridge by the
Kragujevac Arsenal in the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; sl, Kraljevina Jugoslavija) was a state in Southeast Europe, Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 unt ...
. These rifles feature Yugoslavian
M24 Mauser barrels, sights, similar handguards and are fed by five-round stripper clips. Their extractors are prone to breakage when being fired single-shot. Some of these rifles were found in the
Kingdom of Greece
The Kingdom of Greece ( grc, label=Greek, Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος ) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. It was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople, where ...
by the German forces during World War II and were mistakenly attributed Greek origin.
Summary
Source:
Accessories
Bayonet
There were two main variants of the
bayonet
A bayonet (from French ) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket or similar firearm, allowing it to be used as a spear-like weapon.Brayley, Martin, ''Bayonets: An Illustr ...
; the first one was the standard bayonet, the second one was the
NCO variant that featured a hooked quillion and a golden lanyard. The overall length was and the blade was long. The bayonet was unusual in that the edge faced upwards when mounted on the rifle. Majority of them were made by
Œ.W.G. and
F.G.GY. Bayonets were originally not serial numbered.
Late in
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
resources were limited and they started manufacturing ''replacement'' (german: link=no, Ersatz) bayonets. These were fast to produce, cheap and made completely out of metal.
Night sights
![Mannlicher M1895 night sights](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Mannlicher_M1895_night_sights.JPG)
A number of Model 1916 night (Luminous) sights were issued during World War I. The rear night sight is a small brass plate that is placed underneath the rear sight leaf. The front sight clamps around the rifle's front sight base.
Wire destroyer
A ''Drahtzerstörer'' or "wire destroyer" device for Mannlicher type firearms was also sometimes issued with the rifle during World War I. During assaults, when soldiers would run into barbed wire obstacles, the "wire destroyer" would grab one of the wires and the soldier would shoot through it. It could only be used with a mounted bayonet.
Various other improvised wire destroyers existed, some originally designed for the
Mosin–Nagant
The Mosin–Nagant is a five-shot, bolt-action, internal magazine–fed military rifle. Known officially as the 3-line rifle M1891 and informally in Russia and former Soviet Union as Mosin's rifle ( ru , винтовка Мосина, ISO 9: ) ...
rifle that were captured on the
Eastern front were easily modified to fit the M95. Some were also crafted by military blacksmiths.
Users
![Hungarian soldier with Mannlicher M1895 rifle, 1940](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Hungarian_soldier_with_Mannlicher_M1895_rifle%2C_1940.jpg)
*: Approx. 4000 rifles were ordered by the
Albanian Revolutionary Committee in 1911. Albania also received a number of rifles after
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
as war reparations.
*
First Austrian Republic
The First Austrian Republic (german: Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I w ...
: In service from October 1918 to the
Anschluss
The (, or , ), also known as the (, en, Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.
The idea of an (a united Austria and Germany that would form a " Greater Germany ...
.
*: In service from 1895 to
Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
The dissolution of Austria-Hungary was a major geopolitical event that occurred as a result of the growth of internal social contradictions and the separation of different parts of Austria-Hungary. The reason for the collapse of the state was Worl ...
in 1918. Mainly saw action during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
as the standard issue rifle of the
Austro-Hungarian Army
The Austro-Hungarian Army (, literally "Ground Forces of the Austro-Hungarians"; , literally "Imperial and Royal Army") was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint arm ...
.
*: Starting in 1898 Bulgaria began importing M95 Mannlicher rifles, in the beginning exclusively from
Steyr
Steyr (; Central Bavarian: ''Steia'') is a statutory city, located in the Austrian federal state of Upper Austria. It is the administrative capital, though not part of Steyr-Land District. Steyr is Austria's 12th most populated town and the 3rd l ...
and later also from
Budapest
Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...
. Approx. 83,000 long rifles and 2,000 carbines were imported. These can be identified by a
Bulgarian lion crest stamped on chamber and the manufacturer's name on the left side of the receiver.
M95s, including guns captured by the USSR, were used by the post-war
People's Republic of Bulgaria
The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB; bg, Народна Република България (НРБ), ''Narodna Republika Balgariya, NRB'') was the official name of Bulgaria, when it was a socialist republic from 1946 to 1990, ruled by the ...
.
*: Czechoslovakia had about 200,000 Mannlicher M95s in their possession. The
Zbrojovka Brno
Pre-war Československá zbrojovka, akc.spol. (or a.s.) (Czechoslovak Armory)and post-war Zbrojovka Brno, n.p.(Brno Armory) was a maker of small arms, light artillery, and motor vehicles in Brno, Czechoslovakia. It also made other products and ...
factory manufactured an unknown number of M95 barrels, stocks and barrel bands before switching to Mauser series production. Most were sold to Bulgaria in the 1930s, but some remained in storage until World War II.
*
Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
, image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-026-51, Anschluss sudetendeutscher Gebiete.jpg
, caption = Sudetendeutsches Freikorps members
, dates = 1938 to 1939
, country =
, allegiance = Adolf Hitler
, branch =
, type = Terro ...
*: Finland obtained approximately 2300 rifles during the 1920s in the
8×50mmR Mannlicher
The Austro-Hungarian 8×50mmR Mannlicher or 8×50mmR M93 is a service cartridge dating back to the days of semi-smokeless powder. It was later replaced by (and many weapons were rechambered for) the 8×56mmR cartridge.
History
M90
In approxi ...
caliber. They were marked SA and are valuable among collectors.
*: acquired Mannlicher rifles during the
interwar period
In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days), the end of the World War I, First World War to the beginning of the World War II, Second World War. The in ...
, mostly pre-conversion
8×50mmR rifles. Some ex-Italian carbines were also used until 1946.
*: Used by German police during World War II.
*: Greece had a number of M95/24 and M95M rifles chambered for the
8×57mm IS and after the
Axis occupation of Greece in April 1941 arrived at the disposal of the Wehrmacht under the designation Gewehr 306(g).
*: After the dissolution of the dual monarchy the Hungarian part received its share of M95s.
*: Captured on the
Italian Front and received as war reparations. M.95s in original caliber were used by
colonial troops
Colonial troops or colonial army refers to various military units recruited from, or used as garrison troops in, colonial territories.
Colonial background
Such colonies may lie overseas or in areas dominated by neighbouring land powers such ...
in
Italian East Africa
Italian East Africa ( it, Africa Orientale Italiana, AOI) was an Italian colony in the Horn of Africa. It was formed in 1936 through the merger of Italian Somalia, Italian Eritrea, and the newly occupied Ethiopian Empire, conquered in the Seco ...
, these are marked AOI for ''Africa Orientale Italiana''. Rifles captured by the British were shipped to India as trainers.
*: very limited numbers
*: Surplus Austro-Hungarian rifles were used during the
Polish-Soviet War and more were received by armed police in the 1920s.
*: The elite
Wuwei Corps
The Wuwei Corps () or Guards Army was a modernised army unit of the Qing dynasty. Made up of infantry, cavalry and artillery, it was formed in May or June 1899 and trained by western military advisers. The guard took responsibility for the securit ...
was equipped with a significant number of imported Mannlicher rifles.
*: During the Spanish Civil War, the Soviet NKVD Agency supplied the Republican Forces in Spain with 20,000 Mannlicher Wz.95 rifles and carbines purchased from the Polish Ministry of Defense. The rifle shipment did not reach its intended users; it was captured by Franco's Nationalists. Most Spanish Civil War weapons ended up on the U.S. surplus market during 1959–62. These guns may have additional Spanish Civil War markings and various graffiti.
*: Issued to second line troops.
*: During the
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, captured rifles were widely used in the Russian army because of the lack of domestic rifles and cartridges for them. Russian captured rifles may carry a
Cyrillic
, bg, кирилица , mk, кирилица , russian: кириллица , sr, ћирилица, uk, кирилиця
, fam1 = Egyptian hieroglyphs
, fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic
, fam3 = Phoenician
, fam4 = G ...
letter П (P). Russian efforts to convert their service rifle, the turning bolt-action
Mosin–Nagant
The Mosin–Nagant is a five-shot, bolt-action, internal magazine–fed military rifle. Known officially as the 3-line rifle M1891 and informally in Russia and former Soviet Union as Mosin's rifle ( ru , винтовка Мосина, ISO 9: ) ...
to self-loading action were unsuccessful, that's why they decided to alter the straight-pull Mannlicher M1895 rifle, but arrived to the conclusion that development of automatic rifles requires a different approach by inventors.
*: Captured during the
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars refers to a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan States in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan States of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defe ...
from Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary during World War I, also received as war reparations in original caliber. Passed on to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
*: was in service
Ukrainian Galician Army
Ukrainian Galician Army ( uk, Українська Галицька Армія, translit=Ukrayins’ka Halyts’ka Armiya, UHA), was the Ukrainian military of the West Ukrainian National Republic during and after the Polish-Ukrainian War. It wa ...
.
*
*: Yugoslavia inherited a great number of Mannlicher rifles from territories that were part of Austria-Hungary up to the end of First World War and from the Kingdom of Serbia. Rifles in original configuration were used by the
Gendarmerie
Wrong info! -->
A gendarmerie () is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The term ''gendarme'' () is derived from the medieval French expression ', which translates to " men-at-arms" (literally, ...
. Around 122,000 were converted to
7.92×57mm Mauser caliber as M95M and M95/24.
Some were used by the post-war
Yugoslav People's Army
The Yugoslav People's Army (abbreviated as JNA/; Macedonian and sr-Cyrl-Latn, Југословенска народна армија, Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and bs, Jugoslavenska narodna armija; sl, Jugoslovanska ljudska a ...
.
See also
*
Mannlicher M1890 Carbine
The Repeating Carbine Model 1890 a.k.a. Mannlicher Model 1890 Carbine is a bolt-action rifle, designed by Ferdinand Mannlicher that used a new version of his straight-pull action bolt. It was introduced as an alternative to the Mannlicher M1888 a ...
*
Mannlicher M1888
Within military 8 mm firearms
8 (eight) is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9.
In mathematics
8 is:
* a composite number, its proper divisors being , , and . It is twice 4 or four times 2.
* a power of two, being 2 (two cub ...
*
Weapons of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Small arms
Long arms
Side arms
Machine guns
Artillery
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
! Name !! Caliber !! Introduced !! Type
, -
, 7 cm Gebirgsgeschütz M 75 , , 66 mm , , 1875 , , Mountain
, -
, 12 cm Kanone M ...
*
M1895 Lee Navy
The M1895 Lee Navy was a straight-pull, cam-action magazine rifle adopted in limited numbers by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps in 1895 as a first-line infantry rifle.Walter, John, ''The Rifle Story: An Illustrated History from 1776 to the Presen ...
– An American straight-pull rifle
*
Ross rifle – A Canadian straight-pull rifle
*
Schmidt-Rubin rifle - A Swiss straight-pull rifle
References
External links
M95, M90, and identifying marks* Photogallery o
carabine Mannlicher M.95
{{WWIAus-HunInfWeaponsEquipment
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1895
8×50mmR Mannlicher firearms
Firearms by Ferdinand Mannlicher
Mannlicher rifles
Rifles of Austria
Straight-pull rifles
World War I Austro-Hungarian infantry weapons