![SABINA RIC II 399a-1960284](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/SABINA_RIC_II_399a-1960284.jpg)
The gens Vibia was a
plebeian
In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary.
Etymology
The precise origins of ...
family at
ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 B ...
. Although individuals named ''Vibius'' appear in history during the time of the
Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Ital ...
, no members of this
gens
In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same Roman naming conventions#Nomen, nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (p ...
are found at Rome until the final century of the
Republic
A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
. The first of the Vibii to obtain the
consulship was
Gaius Vibius Pansa
Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (died 22 April 43 BC) was consul of the Roman Republic in 43 BC. Although supporting Gaius Julius Caesar during the Civil War, he pushed for the restoration of the Republic upon Caesar’s death. He died of injuri ...
in 43 BC, and from then until
imperial times the Vibii regularly filled the highest offices of the Roman state. The
emperors
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...
Trebonianus Gallus and
Volusianus
Gaius Vibius Volusianus (died August 253) was a Roman emperor from 251 to 253, ruling with his father Trebonianus Gallus.
After Emperor Decius and his son and co-ruler Herennius Etruscus died in battle in June 251, Trebonianus Gallus was el ...
each claimed descent from the family.
[''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 1252 (" Vibia Gens").]
Origin
The
nomen ''Vibius'' is a patronymic surname, derived from the
praenomen
The ''praenomen'' (; plural: ''praenomina'') was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the bi ...
''
Vibius'', which must have belonged to an ancestor of the gens. The name is generally regarded as an ''
Oscan
Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian.
Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including th ...
'' praenomen, and it is found extensively in
Campania
Campania (, also , , , ) is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the i ...
, but it was also used in
Latium
Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
Definition
Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil (Old Latium) on whi ...
, and appears at Rome from a very early period, being used by the
patrician Sestii
The gens Sestia () was a minor patrician family at ancient Rome. The only member of this gens to obtain the consulship in the time of the Republic was Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus, in 452 BC.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and ...
, and occasionally by members of several prominent plebeian families. The Vibian gens itself was probably Oscan.
Praenomina
The main
praenomina of the Vibii were ''
Gaius
Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen).
People
*Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist
*Gaius Acilius
*Gaius Antonius
*Gaius Antonius Hybrida
*Gaius Asinius Gallus
*Gaius Asinius Pol ...
'', ''
Lucius'', and ''
Quintus
Quintus is a male given name derived from '' Quintus'', a common Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth".
Quintus is an English masculine given name and ...
''. A family of imperial times used the praenomen ''
Titus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a mili ...
'', while individual examples of ''
Aulus
Aulus (abbreviated A.) is one of the small group of common forenames found in the culture of ancient Rome.
The name was traditionally connected with Latin ''aula'', ''olla'', "palace", but this is most likely a false etymology. ''Aulus'' in fact p ...
'' and ''
Sextus
Sextus is an ancient Roman '' praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Althoug ...
'' are known.
Branches and cognomina
The
cognomina
A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became here ...
of the Vibii under the Republic were ''Pansa'' and ''Varus'', each of which occurs on coins. Both surnames derive from the physical characteristics of the persons to whom they originally applied; ''Pansa'' translates as "splay-footed", while ''Varus'' is "knock-kneed".
Members
![Vibia 2 (204)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Vibia_2_%28204%29.jpg)
* Vibius Accuaeus, a native of
Accua, a village in
Apulia
it, Pugliese
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographic ...
, led a
cohort
Cohort or cohortes may refer to:
* Cohort (educational group), a group of students working together through the same academic curriculum
* Cohort (floating point), a set of different encodings of the same numerical value
* Cohort (military unit), ...
of
Paelignian soldiers in the Roman army in 212 BC, during the Second Punic War, and fought with conspicuous bravery. It is not certain whether ''Vibius'' was his praenomen or his nomen.
* Vibius Paciacus, or perhaps Pacianus, gave refuge to
Crassus
Marcus Licinius Crassus (; 115 – 53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He is often called "the richest man in Rome." Wallechinsky, David & Wallace, I ...
, who had fled to
Hispania
Hispania ( la, Hispānia , ; nearly identically pronounced in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Italian) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania ...
to escape the proscriptions of
Marius and
Cinna in 86 BC.
* Gaius Vibius C. f. Pansa, a moneyer, and the adoptive father of the consul Pansa Caetronianus.
* Vibius, a man who bore a great resemblance to
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of ...
, and was frequently mistaken for the general.
* Lucius Vibius, an
eques
Eques, ''horseman'' or ''rider'' in Latin, may refer to:
* Equites, a member of the Roman Equestrian order
* the Latin word for a knight
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or ...
, leader of the
publicani at
Syracuse
Syracuse may refer to:
Places Italy
*Syracuse, Sicily, or spelled as ''Siracusa''
*Province of Syracuse
United States
*Syracuse, New York
**East Syracuse, New York
**North Syracuse, New York
*Syracuse, Indiana
* Syracuse, Kansas
*Syracuse, Miss ...
in the time of
Verres.
* Sextus Vibius, a resident of
Larinum
Larino ( nap, label= Campobassan dialect, Larìne; la, Larinum) is a town and ''comune'' of approximately 8,100 inhabitants in Molise, province of Campobasso, southern Italy. It is located in the fertile valley of the Biferno River.
The old t ...
, was murdered by Oppianicus.
* Vibius Cappadox, a resident of Larinum, whom
Aulus Cluentius Habitus Aulus Cluentius Habitus, a wealthy citizen of Larinum in Samnium, and subject of a Roman ''cause célèbre''.
In 74 BC, he accused his stepfather Statius Albius Oppianicus of an attempt to poison him; had it been successful, the property of Cluent ...
was accused of having poisoned.
* Vibius Curius, one of the commanders of
Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caes ...
's cavalry at the beginning of the
Civil War
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
. Several of Pompeius' generals went over to Caesar, and were accepted by Curius. He is probably the same Vibius who gave Cicero the books of the poet
Alexander Lychnus
Alexander (ancient Greek, Gr. ) surnamed Lychnus (), was an ancient Greek rhetorician and poet. He was a native of Ephesus, from which he is sometimes called Alexander Ephesius, and must have lived shortly before the time of Strabo (i.e., the 1st ...
.
*
Gaius Vibius C. f. C. n. Pansa Caetronianus, consul in 43 BC, led the Roman forces against the supporters of
Marcus Antonius
Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autoc ...
at the
Battle of Forum Gallorum
The Battle of Forum Gallorum was fought on 14 April 43 BC between the forces of Mark Antony, and legions loyal to the Roman Senate under the overall command of consul Gaius Pansa, aided by his fellow consul Aulus Hirtius. The untested Caesar O ...
, where he gained the victory thanks to the assistance of his colleague,
Aulus Hirtius
Aulus Hirtius (; – 43 BC) was consul of the Roman Republic in 43 BC and a writer on military subjects. He was killed during his consulship in battle against Mark Antony at the Battle of Mutina.
Biography
He was a legate of Julius Caesar's sta ...
. Pansa was mortally wounded in the fighting, and died soon afterward.
[Fasti Capitolini'', ; 1940, 59, 60.]
*
Gaius Vibius C. f. C. n. Postumus, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of July in AD 5. In AD 10, he helped quell
a revolt of the
Dalmatae, for which he received the
triumphal ornaments Roman triumphal honours (Latin: ''insignia'' or ''ornamenta triumphalia'') denotes honours awarded during the Roman Empire to a victorious general in lieu of a full Roman triumph.
After 14 BC, it became the policy of the founder-emperor Augustus, ...
. He was governor of
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
from 12 to 15.
* Manius Vibius Balbinus, governor of
Gallia Narbonensis
Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in Southern France. It was also known as Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), because it was the ...
from AD 15 to 17.
*
Gaius Vibius Rufus
Gaius Vibius Rufus was a Roman senator and orator, who flourished during the Principate. He was suffect consul in the second half of AD 16 with Gaius Pomponius Graecinus as his colleague. The first of his family to achieve consular rank, Rufus ...
, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 16.
['' Fasti Ostienses'', , 245, 4531–4546, 5354, 5355.][''Fasti Antiates'', .]
* Gaius Vibius Serenus, one of the accusers of
Marcus Scribonius Libo
Marcus Scribonius Libo Drusus (died 13 September 16) was a Roman accused of treason against the emperor Tiberius.
Biography
Early life
He was likely the son or paternal grandson of Marcus Livius Drusus Libo (adopted brother of empress Livia). It ...
in AD 16. He was governor of
Hispania Ulterior in 23, when he was condemned and exiled to the island of
Amorgus in the
Cyclades, on a charge of ''vis publica'', riot or revolt, but in reality because he was an enemy of
Sejanus
Lucius Aelius Sejanus (c. 20 BC – 18 October AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus (), was a Roman soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. Of the Equites class by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Praetorian Guar ...
. He was recalled the following year, after his own son accused him of plotting against
Tiberius
Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
, but was subsequently returned to Amorgus.
*
Gaius Vibius C. f. Marsus, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of July in AD 17, and probably governor of
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
around AD 20. He was later accused of being one of the accomplices of
Albucilla, but escaped condemnation by the death of Tiberius in 37. He was governor of
Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
in 47.
* Vibia Laelia, the daughter of the consul Marsus and his wife Laelia, married
Publius Plautius Pulcher.
* Gaius Vibius C. f. Serenus, accused his exiled father of having plotted against Tiberius, together with Caecilius Cornutus, a former
praetor
Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected '' magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vario ...
. Cornutus took his own life before trial, but the elder Serenus vehemently proclaimed his innocence, and under torture his slaves supported him. The younger Serenus became a notorious ''
delator'', but his accusation of
Gaius Fonteius Capito was not believed.
* Vibius Fronto, commander of the cavalry in
Cilicia
Cilicia (); el, Κιλικία, ''Kilikía''; Middle Persian: ''klkyʾy'' (''Klikiyā''); Parthian: ''kylkyʾ'' (''Kilikiyā''); tr, Kilikya). is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from the northeastern coa ...
, captured
Vonones, the deposed King of
Parthia
Parthia ( peo, 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 ''Parθava''; xpr, 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 ''Parθaw''; pal, 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 ''Pahlaw'') is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran. It was conquered and subjugated by the empire of the Med ...
, during the latter's flight to
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''Ox ...
in AD 19.
*
Gaius Vibius Rufinus
Gaius Vibius Rufinus was a Roman senator, who flourished during the early first century. He was suffect consul as the colleague of Marcus Cocceius Nerva in August of a year during the first half of the first century; which year is still in dispute ...
, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 40 or 41, and governor of
Germania Superior
Germania Superior ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire. It comprised an area of today's western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany. Important cities were Besançon ('' Vesontio' ...
from about 42 to 45.
* Vibia, or Vibidia, the wife of
Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, consul in AD 32, was exiled by
Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...
in AD 53, along with her son, Lucius Arruntius Furius Scribonianus, on a charge of having consulted astrologers to determine the date of the emperor's death.
* Lucius Vibius (L. f.) Secundus, probably the elder brother of Quintus Vibius Crispus.
* Quintus Vibius (L. f.) Crispus, afterward
Lucius Junius Quintus Vibius Crispus
Lucius Junius Quintus Vibius Crispus (sometimes known as Quintus Vibius Crispus) was a Roman senator and ''amicus'' or companion of the Emperors, known for his wit. He was a three-time suffect consul.
Family
Crispus came from a family of the eq ...
, a wealthy orator of considerable talent, was consul ''suffectus'' under
Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 un ...
in AD 63 or 64, proconsul of Africa in 72 and 73, and consul for the second time in AD 74, with the future emperor
Titus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a mili ...
, from the Ides of March to the Ides of May. He received a third consulship under
Domitian
Domitian (; la, Domitianus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Flavi ...
, in 82 or 83. Tacitus suggests that he gained his fortune as a ''delator'' in the reign of Nero.
*
Quintus Vibius Q. f. (L. n.) Secundus, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of March to the Kalends of May in AD 86.
*
Lucius Vibius Sabinus consul ''suffectus'' some time in the latter part of the first century, married
Salonia Matidia
Salonia Matidia (4 July 68 – 23 December 119) was the daughter and only child of Ulpia Marciana and wealthy praetor Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus. Her maternal uncle was the Roman emperor Trajan. Trajan had no children and treated her like ...
, the niece of
Trajan
Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...
, and was the father of the empress
Vibia Sabina
Vibia Sabina (13 August 83–136/137) was a Roman Empress, wife and second cousin once removed to the Roman Emperor Hadrian. She was the daughter of Matidia (niece of Roman Emperor Trajan) and suffect consul Lucius Vibius Sabinus.
Early life ...
.
* Lucius Vibius Lentulus,
fiscal secretary under Trajan, was the first known
eques
Eques, ''horseman'' or ''rider'' in Latin, may refer to:
* Equites, a member of the Roman Equestrian order
* the Latin word for a knight
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or ...
to hold the position, which had formerly been entrusted to
freedmen
A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), abolitionism, emancipation (gra ...
.
*
Gaius Vibius Maximus
Gaius Vibius Maximus was an '' eques'' active during the reign of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. His appointments include prefect of Roman Egypt. Maximus was also a figure in literary circles, and said to have written a history that has n ...
, governor of
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
from AD 103 to 107.
* Vibia, the wife of
Titus Sextius Cornelius Africanus, consul in AD 112, and mother of
Titus Sextius Lateranus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a milit ...
, consul in 154.
*
Titus Vibius Varus, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of September in AD 115.
[Smallwood, ''Principates of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian''.]
*
Vibia L. f. Sabina, daughter of the consul Lucius Vibius Sabinus, became the wife of
Hadrian
Hadrian (; la, Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman ''municipium'' founded by Italic settlers in Hispania B ...
, and Roman empress from AD 117 to her death, about 136.
* Quintus Vibius Gallus, consul in AD 119.
* Gaius Julius Lupus Titus Vibius Varus Laevillus,
quaestor
A ( , , ; "investigator") was a public official in Ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times.
In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officials who ...
in Asia in AD 132.
*
Titus Vibius Varus, consul in AD 134.
*
Titus Clodius Vibius Varus, consul in AD 160.
*
Vibia Aurelia Sabina, the daughter of
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good ...
, married
Lucius Antistius Burrus
Lucius Antistius Burrus Adventus (–188 AD) was a Roman senator who lived in the 2nd century. He was one of the sons-in-law of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger.
Burrus originally came from a senatorial family from Thibilis, a ...
, consul with the emperor Commodus in AD 181. Burrus was put to death for plotting against Commodus in 188.
*
Vibia Perpetua, said to have been a young mother, martyred as a Christian at
Carthage
Carthage was the capital city of Ancient Carthage, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classi ...
in AD 203.
*
Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus, had been consul and governor of
Moesia Superior
Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; el, Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Alban ...
, was proclaimed emperor in AD 251. He was slain in August, 253, as
Aemilian marched on Rome.
[Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'', 30, ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 30.][Eutropius, ix. 5.]
*
Gaius Vibius C. f. Volusianus, the son of Trebonianus Gallus, was proclaimed emperor alongside his father, following the death of
Hostilian in 251. Volusianus was slain along with his father in 253.
* Vibia Galla, the daughter of Trebonianus Gallus.
* Vibius Passienus, according to
Trebellius Pollio
The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Supposedly modeled on the sim ...
,
proconsul
A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority.
In the Roman Republic, military command, or ' ...
of Africa during the reign of
Gallienus. He is said to have proclaimed
Titus Cornelius Celsus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a mili ...
, a former
military tribune, emperor, during the unrest of AD 265. The rebellion was quashed, and Celsus slain, within a week. The historicity of the entire episode is doubted by modern scholars.
*
Vibius Sequester
Vibius Sequester (active in the 4th or 5th century AD) is the Latin author of lists of geographical names.
Work
''De fluminibus, fontibus, lacubus, nemoribus, gentibus, quorum apud poëtas mentio fit'' is made up of seven alphabetical lists of ...
, the author of a treatise naming and briefly describing various geographical features found in Roman poets, including rivers, springs, lakes, woods, swamps, and mountains. He may have borrowed from
Servius Servius is the name of:
* Servius (praenomen), the personal name
* Maurus Servius Honoratus, a late fourth-century and early fifth-century grammarian
* Servius Tullius, the Roman king
* Servius Sulpicius Rufus, the 1st century BC Roman jurist
See ...
, which would place him in the fifth century.
* Vibius, the engraver of a
carnelian intaglio depicting
Othryades
Othryades ( grc, Ὀθρυάδης) and Othryadas ( grc, Ὀθρυάδας) was the last surviving Spartan of the 300 Spartans selected to fight against 300 Argives in the Battle of the 300 Champions. Ashamed by surviving his comrades, he commit ...
.
[Rochette, ''Lettre à M. Schorn'', p. 158, 2nd ed.]
See also
*
List of Roman gentes
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
*
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the estab ...
, ''
Epistulae ad Atticum
''Epistulae ad Atticum'' (Latin for "Letters to Atticus") is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his close friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's othe ...
'', ''
Epistulae ad Familiares'', ''
In Verrem
"In Verrem" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileship, ...
'', ''
Pro Cluentio
''Pro Cluentio'' is a speech by the Roman orator Cicero given in defense of a man named Aulus Cluentius Habitus Minor.
Cluentius, from Larinum in Samnium, was accused in 69 BC by his mother Sassia of having poisoned his stepfather, Statius Abbiu ...
''.
*
Gaius Julius Caesar, ''
Commentarii de Bello Civili
''Commentarii de Bello Civili'' ''(Commentaries on the Civil War)'', or ''Bellum Civile'', is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate. It consists of three books covering the events of 49–4 ...
'' (Commentaries on the Civil War).
* Titus Livius (
Livy
Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Ancient Rome, Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditiona ...
), ''
History of Rome
The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced m ...
''.
*
Marcus Velleius Paterculus, ''Compendium of Roman History''.
*
Valerius Maximus, ''
Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium
''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia'') by Valerius Maximus (c. 20 BC – c. AD 50) was written arou ...
'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
* Gaius Plinius Secundus (
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' ...
), ''
Historia Naturalis'' (Natural History).
* Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (
Quintilian
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (; 35 – 100 AD) was a Roman educator and rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing. In English translation, he is usually referred to as Quintilia ...
), ''
Institutio Oratoria
''Institutio Oratoria'' (English: Institutes of Oratory) is a twelve-volume textbook on the theory and practice of rhetoric by Roman rhetorician Quintilian. It was published around year 95 AD. The work deals also with the foundational education ...
'' (Institutes of Oratory).
*
Publius Cornelius Tacitus, ''
Annales'', ''
Historiae'', ''
Dialogus de Oratoribus
The ''Dialogus de oratoribus'' is a short work attributed to Tacitus, in dialogue form, on the art of rhetoric. Its date of composition is unknown, though its dedication to Lucius Fabius Justus places its publication around 102 AD.
Summary
The ...
'' (Dialogue on Oratory).
*
Plutarch
Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''P ...
us, ''
Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans''.
*
Lucius Annaeus Florus
Three main sets of works are attributed to Florus (a Roman cognomen): ''Virgilius orator an poeta'', an Epitome of Roman History and a collection of 14 short poems (66 lines in all). As to whether these were composed by the same person, or set of ...
, ''Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC'' (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years).
* Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (
Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history on ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...
), ''Roman History''.
* Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, ''
Historia Augusta
The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Supposedly modeled on the sim ...
'' (Augustan History).
*
Eutropius, ''Breviarium Historiae Romanae'' (Abridgement of the History of Rome).
*
Sextus Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' (On the Caesars), ''
Epitome de Caesaribus
The ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' is a Latin historical work written at the end of the 4th century.
It is a brief account of the reigns of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Theodosius the Great. It is attributed to Aurelius Victor, but was written ...
'' (attributed).
*
Zosimus Zosimus, Zosimos, Zosima or Zosimas may refer to:
People
*
* Rufus and Zosimus (died 107), Christian saints
* Zosimus (martyr) (died 110), Christian martyr who was executed in Umbria, Italy
* Zosimos of Panopolis, also known as ''Zosimus Alchemi ...
, ''Historia Nova'' (New History).
*
Jordanes
Jordanes (), also written as Jordanis or Jornandes, was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat widely believed to be of Goths, Gothic descent who became a historian later in life. Late in life he wrote two works, one on Roman history (''Romana ...
, ''
Getica
''De origine actibusque Getarum'' (''The Origin and Deeds of the Getae oths'), commonly abbreviated ''Getica'', written in Late Latin by Jordanes in or shortly after 551 AD, claims to be a summary of a voluminous account by Cassiodorus of th ...
''.
*
Joannes Zonaras
Joannes or John Zonaras ( grc-gre, Ἰωάννης Ζωναρᾶς ; 1070 – 1140) was a Byzantine Greek historian, chronicler and theologian who lived in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey). Under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos he held th ...
, ''Epitome Historiarum'' (Epitome of History).
*
Anne Claude de Caylus
Anne Claude de Tubières-Grimoard de Pestels de Lévis, ''comte de Caylus'', marquis d'Esternay, baron de Bransac (Anne Claude Philippe; 31 October, 16925 September 1765), was a French antiquarian, proto-archaeologist and man of letters.
Born in ...
, ''Recueil d'Antiquités Égyptiennes, Étrusques, Greques, Romaines et Gauloises'' (Collection of Egyptian, Etruscan, Greek, Roman, and Gallic Antiquities), Paris (1752–1755).
*
Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'' (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
*
Desiré-Raoul Rochette
Desiré-Raoul Rochette (March 6, 1790 – July 3, 1854), was a French archaeologist.
Born at Saint-Amand in the department of Cher, Raoul Rochette received his education at Bourges. In 1810, he obtained a chair of grammar in the Lyceum Louis- ...
, ''Lettre à M. Schorn'', Firmin Didot Frères, Paris (1832).
* ''
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 p ...
'',
William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
*
Theodor Mommsen
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th cent ...
''et alii'', ''
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...
'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
* ''
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography'' is the last in a series of classical dictionaries edited by the English scholar William Smith (1813–1893), following ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' and the ''Dictionary of Gr ...
'',
William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1854).
* René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''
L'Année épigraphique'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
* George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).
*
Ronald Syme, ''The Roman Revolution'', Oxford University Press (1939), ''Ammianus and the Historia Augusta'', Clarendon Press, Oxford (1968).
*
Anthony R. Birley
Anthony Richard Birley (8 October 1937 – 19 December 2020) was a British ancient historian, archaeologist and academic. He was the son of Margaret Isabel (Goodlet) and historian and archaeologist Eric Birley.
Early life and education
Anthony ...
, ''Marcus Aurelius'', B. T. Batsford, London (1966).
*
E. Mary Smallwood
Edith Mary Smallwood (born 8 December 1919) was a historian and a professor of Romano-Jewish History at the Queen's University, Belfast.
Early life
Smallwood was born in Wandsworth, Surrey (now London) in December 1919. She received her education ...
, ''Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian'', Cambridge University Press (1966).
* G. V. Sumner, "The Lex Annalis under Caesar", in ''
Phoenix'', vol. 25, No. 3 (1971).
* Paul A. Gallivan, "Some Comments on the ''Fasti'' for the Reign of Nero", in ''
Classical Quarterly
The Classical Association is a British learned society in the field of classics, aimed at developing classical study and promoting its importance in education.
Constitution
The association was founded on 19 December 1903, and its objects are de ...
'', vol. 24, pp. 290–311 (1974), "The ''Fasti'' for the Reign of Claudius", in ''Classical Quarterly'', vol. 28, pp. 407–426 (1978), "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", in ''Classical Quarterly'', vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981).
*
Guido Bastianini,
Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p (List of the Prefects of Egypt from 30 BC to AD 299), in ''
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
The ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' (commonly abbreviated ZPE; "Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy") is a peer-reviewed academic journal which contains articles that pertain to papyrology and epigraphy. It has been described as "th ...
'', vol. 17 (1975).
* A.L.F. Rivet, ''Gallia Narbonensis'', Batsford, London (1988).
* Olli Salomies, ''Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire'', Societas Scientiarum Fenica, Helsinki (1992).
* Werner Eck, Paul Holder, and Andreas Pangerl, "A Diploma for the Army of Britain in 132 and Hadrian's Return to Rome from the East", in ''
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
The ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' (commonly abbreviated ZPE; "Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy") is a peer-reviewed academic journal which contains articles that pertain to papyrology and epigraphy. It has been described as "th ...
'', vol. 194 (2010).
* Alison E. Cooley, ''The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy'', Cambridge University Press (2012).
* Emily Hemelrijk and
Greg Woolf, ''Women and the Roman City in the Latin West'', Brill (2013).
{{Refend
Roman gentes
Roman gentes of Samnite origin