''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia,

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, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the

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. A close relative is the genus '' Pouteria''. Trees of this genus yield edible fruit, useful wood, and latex. The best-known species are '' M. bidentata'' (''balatá''), '' M. chicle'' (chicle) and '' M. zapota'' (sapodilla). ''M. hexandra'' is the floral emblem of Prachuap Khiri Khan Province in Thailand, where it is known as ''rayan''. ''M. obovata'' shares the vernacular name of African pear with another completely different species, ''

Dacryodes edulis ''Dacryodes edulis'' is a fruit tree native to Africa, sometimes called safou ( Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola), plum (Cameroon), atanga ( Equatorial Guinea and Gabon), ube (Nigeria), African pear, bush pear, ...

'', and neither should be confused with ''

Baillonella toxisperma ''Baillonella toxisperma'' (also called African pearwood, djave nut, or moabi) is a species of tree in the family Sapotaceae, and the only species in the genus ''Baillonella''. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Demo ...

'', known by the very similar name, African pearwood. The generic name, ''Manilkara'', is derived from ''manil-kara'', a vernacular name for '' M. kauki'' in Malayalam. ''Manilkara'' trees are often significant, or even dominant species in their native ecosystems, such as East Deccan dry evergreen forests, Central American premontane

tropical wet forest Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF), also known as tropical moist forest, is a subtropical and tropical forest habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Description TSMF is generally found in large, discon ...

s, or together with '' Cynometra'', in the Arabuko Sokoke National Park. ''Manilkara'' fruit are an important food item for various

frugivore A frugivore is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, shoots, nuts and seeds. Approximately 20% of mammalian herbivores eat fruit. Frugivores are highly dependent on the abundance an ...

s, in particular birds. The

red fruit bat The red fruit bat or red fig-eating bat (''Stenoderma rufum'') is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae, in the monotypic genus ''Stenoderma''.Gannon, M.R., Rodríguez-Durán, M., Kurta, A., and Willig, M.R. Stenoderma rufum Desmarest, R ...

(''Stenoderma rufum'') is the primary – and possibly the only – seed disperser of ''M. bidentata'' in parts of the

. ''

Tuckerella xiamenensis The peacock mites of the genus ''Tuckerella'' ( the only genus of the mite family Tuckerellidae) are a significant herbivorous pest in the tropics, for example on citrus fruit. Other species dwell in grasses, possibly as root feeders. The peaco ...

'', a species of

peacock mite The peacock mites of the genus ''Tuckerella'' ( the only genus of the mite family Tuckerellidae) are a significant herbivorous pest in the tropics, for example on citrus fruit. Other species dwell in grasses, possibly as root feeders. The peaco ...

, was described from a sapodilla tree. Several species are endangered due to

overexploitation Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. The term app ...

and habitat destruction. ''M. gonavensis'' of

Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...

and ''M. spectabilis'' of

Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...

are almost

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

Species

Species accepted by the

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...

as of December 2022: *''

Manilkara adolfi-friederici ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara bequaertii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *'' Manilkara bidentata'' *''

Manilkara boivinii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara bolivarensis ''Manilkara bolivarensis'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Venezuela. References

Manilkara, bolivarensis Plants described in 1990 Vulnerable plants Flora of Venezuela Taxonomy articles created b ...

'' *'' Manilkara butugi'' *''

Manilkara capuronii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Car ...

'' *''

Manilkara casteelsii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara cavalcantei ''Manilkara cavalcantei'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil, where it is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natura ...

'' *''

Manilkara celebica ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *'' Manilkara chicle'' *''

Manilkara concolor ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara dardanoi ''Manilkara dardanoi'' is a tree species in the sapodilla family. It is endemic to Brazil, and only found in a small portion of Pernambuco. Here it grows in forests mostly along the coast, or elsewhere deeper inland where there is old secondary ...

'' *''

Manilkara dawei ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family (biology), family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and i ...

'' *''

Manilkara decrescens ''Manilkara decrescens'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil, and is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habi ...

'' *''

Manilkara discolor ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara dissecta ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara doeringii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara dukensis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara elata ''Manilkara elata'', also called the cow tree, is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is Endemic to the Amazon region in Brazil, where it is endangered by habitat loss. Uses The edible fruit resembles small apples, and its flesh ha ...

'' *''

Manilkara excelsa ''Manilkara excelsa'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Brazil, and threatened by habitat loss. References

Manilkara, excelsa Plants described in 1922 Vulnerable plants Flora of Brazil Taxonomy ar ...

'' *''

Manilkara excisa ''Manilkara excisa'' (known locally as either sapodilla bullet, sapodilla or simply sappa) is an endangered species of tall tree in the Sapotaceae, sapodilla family. It is Endemism, endemic to the extremely steep, forested limestone hills of Trel ...

'' *''

Manilkara fasciculata ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *'' Manilkara fischeri'' *''

Manilkara fouilloyana ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara frondosa ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara gonavensis ''Manilkara gonavensis'' is a tree species in the sapodilla family, found nowhere else but Haiti. It has only ever been collected one time for study, when the type specimen was taken. This was in the early 20th century, before 1929, which is t ...

'' *'' Manilkara hexandra'' *''

Manilkara hoshinoi ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *'' Manilkara huberi'' *''

Manilkara ilendensis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara inundata ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *'' Manilkara jaimiqui'' *''

Manilkara kanosiensis ''Manilkara kanosiensis'' (commonly known as torem or sawai''Note: English translations for this reference are shown in braces.'') is a species of tree in the sapodilla family. It is thinly dispersed in low-lying rainforests over a large range, ...

'' *''

Manilkara kauki ''Manilkara kauki'' is a plant in the subfamily Sapotoideae, and the tribe Sapoteae of the family Sapotaceae; and is the type species for the genus ''Manilkara''. It occurs in tropical Asia from Indo-China (Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet ...

'' *''

Manilkara koechlinii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara kribensis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara kurziana ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara letestui ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara letouzeyi ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family (biology), family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and i ...

'' *''

Manilkara littoralis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, ...

'' *''

Manilkara longifolia ''Manilkara longifolia'', commonly known as masseranduba, is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil, where it is threatened by habitat loss. References External links Picture: wood, cross section, as ''Mimusops l ...

'' *''

Manilkara longistyla ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara lososiana ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara mabokeensis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara maxima ''Manilkara maxima'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil, where it is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habi ...

'' *''

Manilkara mayarensis ''Manilkara mayarensis'' is a plant species in the family of sapodillas, which grows wild only in Cuba's Oriente Province. Here its members range in scale from shrubs to small trees. Its usual haunts are along creeks, ravines and other natura ...

'' *''

Manilkara microphylla ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Car ...

'' *''

Manilkara mochisia ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara multifida ''Manilkara multifida'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. The plant is endemic to the Atlantic Forest ecoregion in southeastern Brazil. It is an IUCN endangered species, threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also ...

'' *''

Manilkara nicholsonii ''Manilkara nicholsonii'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to South Africa ( Natal), and is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by whic ...

'' *''

Manilkara obovata ''Manilkara obovata'' is small to large sized evergreen tree within the Sapotaceae family. Its timber is sold under the name Nkunya in Uganda. The species has a wide distribution from Sierra Leone in West Africa moving east to Uganda in Eastern Af ...

'' *''

Manilkara paraensis ''Manilkara paraensis'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil, where it is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural ...

'' *''

Manilkara pellegriniana ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara perrieri ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *'' Manilkara pleeana'' *''

Manilkara pobeguinii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara pubicarpa ''Manilkara pubicarpa'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Guyana. References

Manilkara, pubicarpa Plants described in 1952 Vulnerable plants Flora of Guyana Endemic flora of Guyana Taxonomy articl ...

'' *''

Manilkara roxburghiana ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara rufula ''Manilkara rufula'' is a species of tree in the Sapodilla family. It is endemic to the northeastern submontane forests of Bahia, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Ceará and Piauí states of Brazil. Although this species exists in many places, ...

'' *''

Manilkara sahafarensis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara salzmannii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family (biology), family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and i ...

'' *''

Manilkara samoensis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *'' Manilkara sansibarensis'' *''

Manilkara seretii ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara sideroxylon ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara smithiana ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Car ...

'' *''

Manilkara spectabilis ''Manilkara spectabilis'' is an uncommon species of tree in the sapodilla family. In 1997, the IUCN were mistakenly under the impression that a specimen in the US, collected in 1899 from a site near Limón in the Atlantic coastal forests of Co ...

'' *''

Manilkara staminodella ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara suarezensis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara subsericea ''Manilkara subsericea'' is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil, and threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat ...

'' *''

Manilkara sulcata ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara sylvestris ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara triflora ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *''

Manilkara udoido ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. ...

'' *''

Manilkara valenzuelana ''Manilkara valenzuelana'' is a species of tree or tall shrub in the Sapodilla family. It is found in coastal and subcoastal semi- deciduous forests of Cuba (Pinar del Río and Oriente), the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and possibly Puerto R ...

'' *''

Manilkara vitiensis ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

'' *'' Manilkara zapota'' *''

Manilkara zenkeri ''Manilkara'' is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A ...

References

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q309947 Sapotaceae genera