Manidae is the only

extant Extant is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to: * Extant hereditary titles * Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English * Extant taxon, a taxon which is not extinct, ...

family of

pangolin Pangolins, sometimes known as scaly anteaters, are mammals of the order Pholidota (, from Ancient Greek ϕολιδωτός – "clad in scales"). The one extant family, the Manidae, has three genera: '' Manis'', '' Phataginus'', and '' Smut ...

s from superfamily

Manoidea Manoidea is a superfamily of pangolins from suborder Eupholidota that includes extant family Manidae, extinct family Patriomanidae and extinct genus ''Necromanis''. Taxonomy * Superfamily: Manoidea ** Family: Manidae (pangolins) ** Family: ...

. This family comprises three genera ('' Manis'' from subfamily Maninae, ''

Phataginus African tree pangolin (''Phataginus'') is a genus of African pangolins from subfamily small African pangolins (Phatagininae), within family Manidae. Its members are the more arboreal of the African pangolins. The number of illegally trafficked ...

'' from subfamily Phatagininae, and ''

Smutsia ''Smutsia'' is a genus of African pangolins, better known as the African ground pangolins, from subfamily Smutsiinae, within family Manidae. It was formerly considered a subgenus of '' Manis''. Its members are the more terrestrial of the African ...

'' from subfamily Smutsiinae), as well as

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

Fayum pangolin.

Classification and phylogeny

History of classification

All species of living pangolin had been assigned to the genus ''Manis'' until the late 2000s, when research prompted the splitting of extant pangolins into three genera: '' Manis'', ''

'', and ''

''.

Taxonomy

* Family: Manidae (pangolins) ** Subfamily: Maninae (Gray, 1821) *** Genus: '' Manis'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Asiatic pangolins) **** ''

Manis crassicaudata The Indian pangolin (''Manis crassicaudata''), also called thick-tailed pangolin and scaly anteater is a pangolin native to the Indian subcontinent. Like other pangolins, it has large, overlapping scales on its body which act as armour. The colou ...

'' (Gray, 1827) (Indian pangolin) **** ''

Manis pentadactyla The Chinese pangolin (''Manis pentadactyla'') is a pangolin native to the northern Indian subcontinent, northern parts of Southeast Asia and southern China. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2014, as the wil ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chinese pangolin) **** ''Manis'' sp. (''Scale_H4'' & ''Scale_H8'')Jingyang Hu, Christian Roos, Xue Lv, Weimin Kuang, Li Yu (2020.
"Molecular Genetics Supports a Potential Fifth Asian Pangolin Species (Mammalia, Pholidota, ''Manis'')"
Zoological Science, 37(6):538-543 **** †''

Manis hungarica ''Manis'' is a genus of South Asian and East Asian pangolins, the Asiatic pangolins, from subfamily Maninae, within family Manidae. Etymology Carl Linnaeus (1758) invented the Neo-Latin generic name ''Manis'' apparently as a feminine singular ...

'' (Kormos, 1934) **** †''

Manis lydekkeri ''Manis'' is a genus of South Asia, South Asian and East Asia, East Asian pangolins, the Asiatic pangolins, from subfamily Maninae, within family Manidae. Etymology Carl Linnaeus (1758) invented the Neo Latin, Neo-Latin generic name ''Manis'' ...

'' (Dubois, 1908) **** Subgenus: ''

Paramanis ''Manis'' is a genus of South Asian and East Asian pangolins, the Asiatic pangolins, from subfamily Maninae, within family Manidae. Etymology Carl Linnaeus (1758) invented the Neo-Latin generic name ''Manis'' apparently as a feminine sing ...

'' (Pocock, 1924) ***** '' Manis javanica'' (Desmarest, 1822) (Sunda pangolin) ***** ''

Manis culionensis The Philippine pangolin or Palawan pangolin (''Manis culionensis''), also locally known as ''balintong'', is a pangolin species endemic to the Palawan province of the Philippines. Its habitat includes primary and secondary forests, as well as sur ...

'' (de Elera, 1895) (Philippine pangolin) ***** †''

Manis palaeojavanica Giant asian pangolin (''Manis palaeojavanica'' ancient Javan pangolin", is an extinct species of pangolin (from genus ''Manis'') that was native to Asia. In 1926, E. Dubois described the bones of ''M. palaeojavanica'' discovered in Java. Later, ...

'' (Dubois, 1907) (giant asian pangolin) ** Subfamily: Phatagininae (Gaubert, 2017) (small African pangolins) *** Genus: ''

'' (Rafinesque, 1821) (African tree pangolins) **** ''

Phataginus tetradactyla The long-tailed pangolin (''Phataginus tetradactyla''), also called the African black-bellied pangolin, or ''ipi'', is a diurnal, Wiktionary:arboreal#Adjective, arboreal pangolin species belonging to the family Manidae, in the order Pholidota. T ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1766) (long-tailed pangolin) **** '' Phataginus tricuspis'' (Rafinesque, 1821) (tree pangolin) ** Subfamily: Smutsiinae (Gray, 1873) (large African pangolins) *** Genus: ''

'' (Gray, 1865) (African ground pangolins) **** ''

Smutsia gigantea The giant pangolin (''Smutsia gigantea'') is the largest species in the family of pangolins. Members of the species inhabit Africa with a range stretching along the equator from West Africa to Uganda. It subsists almost entirely on ants and t ...

'' (Illiger, 1815) (giant pangolin) **** '' Smutsia temmincki'' (Smuts, 1832) (ground pangolin) **** †''

Smutsia olteniensis ''Smutsia olteniensis'' is an extinct species of the genus ''Smutsia'', more commonly known as the African ground pangolins. This species lived during the Pleistocene epoch. Fossilized remains of the species were found in Romania, providing evi ...

'' (Terhune, 2021) ** ''

Incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'' *** †Manidae sp. PC 3972 and DPC 4364(Gebo & Rasmussen, 1985) (Fayum pangolin)

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic position of family Manidae within superfamily Manoidea.

References

External links

ZSL Pangolin Conservation

Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation

Tree of Life of Pholidota

''National Geographic'' video of a pangolin

Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia
(PDF)
The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis
(PDF) *

''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

'', March 6, 2020. Pangolins Mammal families Taxa named by John Edward Gray {{mammal-stub