Manfred von Ardenne (20 January 1907 – 26 May 1997) was a
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
researcher and applied
physicist
A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.
Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate ca ...
and
inventor
An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an id ...
. He took out approximately 600
patent
A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling disclo ...
s in fields including
electron microscopy
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a ...
,
medical technology
Health technology is defined by the World Health Organization as the "application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and systems developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of li ...
,
nuclear technology
Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear reactors, nuclear medicine and nuclear weapons. It is also used, among other things, in smoke detectors an ...
,
, and radio and television technology. From 1928 to 1945, he directed his private research laboratory ''Forschungslaboratorium für Elektronenphysik''. For ten years after
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
, he worked in the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
on their
atomic bomb project and was awarded a
Stalin Prize. Upon his return to the then East Germany, he started another private laboratory, ''Forschungsinstitut Manfred von Ardenne''.
Career
Early years
The stormy life of von Ardenne's grandmother,
Elisabeth von Ardenne (1853–1952), is said to have been be the inspiration for ''
Effi Briest
''Effi Briest'' is a realist novel by Theodor Fontane. Published in book form in 1895, ''Effi Briest'' marks both a watershed and a climax in the poetic realism of literature. It can be thematically compared to other novels on 19th century ma ...
'' by
Theodor Fontane
Theodor Fontane (; 30 December 1819 – 20 September 1898) was a German novelist and poet, regarded by many as the most important 19th-century German-language realist author. He published the first of his novels, for which he is best known tod ...
, one of the most famous
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
realist novel
A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, typically written in prose and published as a book. The present English word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itsel ...
s.
Born in 1907 in
Hamburg
Hamburg (, ; nds, label=Hamburg German, Low Saxon, Hamborg ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (german: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; nds, label=Low Saxon, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),. is the List of cities in Germany by popul ...
to a wealthy aristocratic family, Ardenne was the oldest of five children. In 1913, Ardenne's father, assigned to the ''Kriegsministerium'', moved to Berlin. From Ardenne's earliest youth, he was intrigued by any form of technology, and this was fostered by his parents. Ardenne's early education was at home through private teachers. In Berlin, from 1919, Ardenne attended the ''Realgymnasium'', where he pursued his interests in physics and technology. In a school competition, he submitted models of a camera and an alarm system, for which he was awarded first place.
[Ardenne](_blank)
– Deutsches Historisches Museum.
In 1923, at the age of 15, he received his first patent for an electronic tube with multiple (three) systems in a single tube for applications in wireless telegraphy. At this time, Ardenne prematurely left the ''Gymnasium'' to pursue the development of radio engineering with the entrepreneur
Siegmund Loewe
Loewe Technology GmbH (pronounced ) develops, manufactures and sells a wide variety of electronic, electrical and mechanical products and systems, and specialises in the field of consumer and communication technology. The company was founded in Be ...
, who became his mentor. Loewe built the inexpensive Loewe-Ortsempfänger OE333 with Ardenne's multiple system electronic tube. In 1925, from patent sales and publication income, Ardenne substantially improved the broadband amplifier (resistance-coupled amplifier), which was fundamental to the development of television and
radar
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the distance ('' ranging''), angle, and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, w ...
.
Without an
Abitur
''Abitur'' (), often shortened colloquially to ''Abi'', is a qualification granted at the end of secondary education in Germany. It is conferred on students who pass their final exams at the end of ISCED 3, usually after twelve or thirteen yea ...
, because he did not graduate from the ''Gymnasium'', Ardenne entered university-level study of
physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which rel ...
,
chemistry, and
mathematics. After four semesters, he left his formal studies, due to the inflexibility of the university system, and educated himself; he became an
autodidact
Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) or self-education (also self-learning and self-teaching) is education without the guidance of masters (such as teachers and professors) or institutions (such as schools). Generally, autodidacts are individu ...
and devoted himself to
applied physics
Applied physics is the application of physics to solve scientific or engineering problems. It is usually considered to be a bridge or a connection between physics and engineering.
"Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination ...
research.
In 1928, he came into his inheritance with full control as to how it could be spent, and he established his private research laboratory ''Forschungslaboratorium für Elektronenphysik'', in Berlin-Lichterfelde, to conduct his own research on radio and television technology and
electron microscopy
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a ...
. He invented the
scanning electron microscope. He financed the laboratory with income he received from his inventions and from contracts with other concerns. For example, his research on
nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the ...
and high-frequency technology was financed by the ''
Reichspostministerium'' (RPM, Reich Postal Ministry), headed by
Wilhelm Ohnesorge. M von Ardenne attracted top-notch personnel to work in his facility, such as the nuclear physicist
Fritz Houtermans, in 1940. Ardenne also conducted research on isotope separation. The small list of equipment Ardenne had in the laboratory is impressive for a private laboratory. For example, when on 10 May 1945 he was visited by
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.
...
Colonel General V. A. Makhnjov, accompanied by Soviet physicists
Isaak Kikoin,
Lev Artsimovich,
Georgy Flyorov
Georgii Nikolayevich Flyorov (also spelled Flerov, rus, Гео́ргий Никола́евич Флёров, p=gʲɪˈorgʲɪj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ ˈflʲɵrəf; 2 March 1913 – 19 November 1990) was a Soviet physicist who is known for h ...
, and V. V. Migulin (of the
Russian Alsos operation), they praised the research being conducted and the equipment, including an
electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a ...
, a 60-ton
cyclotron
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932. Lawrence, Ernest O. ''Method and apparatus for the acceleration of ions'', filed: J ...
, and plasma-ionic
isotope separation
Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes. The use of the nuclides produced is varied. The largest variety is used in research (e.g. in chemistry where atoms of "marker" ...
installation.
At the
Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, Ardenne gave the world's first public demonstration of a television system using a
cathode ray tube for both transmission and reception. (Ardenne never developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a
flying-spot scanner to scan slides and film.) Ardenne achieved his first transmission of television pictures on 24 December 1933, followed by test runs for a public television service in 1934. The world's first electronically scanned television service then started in Berlin in 1935, culminating in the live broadcast of the
1936 Summer Olympic Games
The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: ''Olympische Sommerspiele 1936''), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad (German: ''Spiele der XI. Olympiade'') and commonly known as Berlin 1936 or the Nazi Olympics, were an international multi-sp ...
from Berlin to public places all over Germany.
In 1937, Ardenne developed the scanning transmission electron microscope. During World War II, he took part in the study and application of
radar
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the distance ('' ranging''), angle, and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, w ...
.
In 1941 the "" of the "
Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften" was awarded to Ardenne, and in January 1945, he received the title of "
Reichsforschungsrat" (Empire Research Advisor).
In the Soviet Union
Von Ardenne,
Gustav Hertz, Nobel laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at
Siemens,
Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the
Humboldt University of Berlin
The Humboldt University of Berlin (german: link=no, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a public university, public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.
The university was established ...
and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in
Berlin-Dahlem
Dahlem ( or ) is a locality of the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough in southwestern Berlin. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a part of the former borough of Zehlendorf. It is located between the mansion settlements of Grunewald and ...
, and
Max Volmer
Max Volmer (; 3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics. He co-developed the Butler–Volmer equation. Volmer held the chair and direct ...
, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the
Berlin Technische Hochschule, had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the
NSDAP
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that crea ...
, had Communist contacts. On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist, and they issued Ardenne a protective letter (''Schutzbrief'').
All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, in Sinop,
[Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.][Naimark, 1995, 213.] a suburb of
Sukhumi
Sukhumi (russian: Суху́м(и), ) or Sokhumi ( ka, სოხუმი, ), also known by its Abkhaz name Aqwa ( ab, Аҟәа, ''Aqwa''), is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of ...
. In his first meeting with
Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in the
Soviet atomic bomb project
The Soviet atomic bomb project was the Classified information in Russia, classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during and after World War II.
Although th ...
, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to.
Goals of Ardenne's Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which
Max Steenbeck was the leader; Steenbeck was a colleague of Hertz at Siemens.
Others at Institute A included
Ingrid Schilling,
Alfred Schimohr,
Gerhard Siewert Gerhard is a name of Germanic origin and may refer to:
Given name
* Gerhard (bishop of Passau) (fl. 932–946), German prelate
* Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (1292–1340), German prince, regent of Denmark
* Gerhard Barkhorn (1919–19 ...
, and
Ludwig Ziehl
Ludwig may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Ludwig (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
* Ludwig (surname), including a list of people
* Ludwig Ahgren, or simply Ludwig, American YouTube live streamer and co ...
. By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force.
Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery),
about 10 km southeast of
Sukhumi
Sukhumi (russian: Суху́м(и), ) or Sokhumi ( ka, სოხუმი, ), also known by its Abkhaz name Aqwa ( ab, Аҟәа, ''Aqwa''), is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of ...
and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip'shi); after 1950, Hertz moved to Moscow. Volmer went to the Nauchno-Issledovatel'skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9), in Moscow; he was given a design bureau to work on the production of
heavy water. In Institute A, Thiessen became leader for developing techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation.
At the suggestion of authorities, Ardenne eventually shifted his research from isotope separation to plasma research directed towards controlled
nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifest ...
.
In 1947, Ardenne was awarded a
Stalin Prize for his development of a table-top electron microscope. In 1953, before his return to Germany, he was awarded a Stalin Prize, first class, for contributions to the
atomic bomb project; the money from this prize, 100,000
Rubles, was used to buy the land for his private institute in
East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state ...
. According to an agreement that Ardenne made with authorities in the Soviet Union soon after his arrival, the equipment which he brought to the Soviet Union from his laboratory in Berlin-Lichterfelde was not to be considered as "reparations" to the Soviet Union. Ardenne took the equipment with him in December 1954 when he returned to the then East Germany.
Return to (East) Germany
After Ardenne's arrival in the
Deutsche Demokratische Republik
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state ...
(DDR), he became "Professor für elektrotechnische Sonderprobleme der Kerntechnik" (Professor of electrotechnical special problems of Nuclear Technology) at the
Technische Hochschule Dresden. He also founded his research institute, "Forschungsinstitut Manfred von Ardenne", in Dresden, which with over 500 employees became a unique institution in East Germany as a leading research institute that was privately run. However it collapsed with substantial debts after
German reunification
German reunification (german: link=no, Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a united and fully sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991. The day of 3 October 1990 when the Ge ...
in 1991 and re-emerged a
Von Ardenne Anlagentechnik GmbH Ardenne twice won the GDR's
National Prize.
In 1957, Ardenne became a member of the "Forschungsrat" of the DDR. In that year, he developed an endoradiosonde for medical diagnostics. In 1958, he was awarded the "Nationalpreis" of the DDR; the same year he became a member of the "Friedensrat". In 1959, he received a patent for the electron-beam furnace he developed. In 1961, he was selected a chairman of the "Internationale Gesellschaft für medizinische Elektronik und biomedizinische Technik". From the 1960s, he expanded his medical research and became well known for his oxygen multi-step therapy and cancer multi-step therapy.
In 1963, Ardenne became president of the "Kulturbund" of the DDR. During the period 1963 to 1989, he was a delegate to the "
Volkskammer
__NOTOC__
The Volkskammer (, ''People's Chamber'') was the unicameral legislature of the German Democratic Republic (colloquially known as East Germany).
The Volkskammer was initially the lower house of a bicameral legislature. The upper house ...
" of the DDR, as well as a member of the "Kulturbund-Fraktion".
After the creation of the Dresden-Hamburg city partnership (1987), Ardenne became an
honorary citizen of Dresden in September 1989.
At the time of his death on 26 May 1997, Ardenne held around 600 patents.
In 2002 the German "Europäische Forschungsgesellschaft Dünne Schichten" ("European Thin-Film Research Society") named an annual prize in von Ardenne's honor.
Personal
In 1937, Ardenne married Bettina Bergengruen; they had four children.
Honors
Von Ardenne received many honors:
*3 July 1941 – Silver Leibniz Medal of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
*2 January 1945 – Appointed to the ''
Reichsforschungsrat''
*8 December 1947 –
Stalin Prize of the USSR
*31 December 1953 –
Stalin Prize of the USSR
*26 July 1955 – Member of the Physics Section of the German Academy of Sciences
*10 November 1955 – Member of the ''Wissenschaftlichen Rates für friedliche Anwendung der Atomenergie'' (Scientific Council for Peaceful Applications of Atomic Energy) of the Council of Ministers of the GDR
*1 June 1956 – Honorary Professor
[An honorary professor has the authority to teach, but is not compelled to teach.] at the
Technische Hochschule Dresden
*15 July 1957 – Member of the ''Forschungsrates'' (Research Council) of the GDR
*7 December 1957 –
Ernst Moritz Arndt Medal
*18 April 1958 – Peace Medal of the GDR
*25 September 1958 – Honorary Doctorate of Natural Sciences from the
Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald
The University of Greifswald (; german: Universität Greifswald), formerly also known as “Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald“, is a public research university located in Greifswald, Germany, in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Po ...
*7 October 1958 – National Prize, First Class
*4 January 1959 – Grand Cross of Service Medal of the
United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic (UAR; ar, الجمهورية العربية المتحدة, al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1971. It was initially a political union between Eg ...
*27 May 1961 – President of the ''Gesellschaft für biomedizinische Technik'' (Society for Biomedical Technology)
*2 November 1962 – member of the ''Wissenschaftlichen Rates des Ministerium für Gesundheitswesen'' (Scientific Council of the Ministry for Health Service) of the GDR
*7 October 1965 – National Prize, Second Class
*15 December 1965 – Member of the International Astronautical Academy of Paris
*12 May 1970 –
Lenin Medal
*29 October 1973 – Hans Bredow Medal
*12 December 1978 – Honorary Doctor of Medicine of the ''Akademie Dresden''
*20 June 1979 – Honorary Member of the ''Forschungsrates'' of the GDR
*1 December 1981 – Barkhausen Medal of the
Technische Universität Dresden
TU Dresden (for german: Technische Universität Dresden, abbreviated as TUD and often wrongly translated as "Dresden University of Technology") is a public research university, the largest institute of higher education in the city of Dresden, th ...
*20 January 1982 – Gold Patriotic Service Medal
*22 September 1982 – Honorary Doctor of Education of the ''Pädagogische Hochschule Dresden''*25 October 1983 – Honorary Member of the ''Gesellschaft für Ultraschalltechnik'' (Society for Ultrasonics)
*19 February 1984 – Honorary Member of the ''Ärztegesellschaft für Sauerstoff-Mehrschritt-Therapie'' (Physicians Society for Oxygen Multi-step Therapy)
*11 April 1986 –
Wilhelm Ostwald
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (; 4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher. Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry, with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Walther Nernst, and Svante Arrh ...
Medal of the Saxony Academy of Sciences
*2 June 1986 – Richard Theile Medal of the German Television Technology Society
*9 July 1986 –
Ernst Abbe
Ernst Karl Abbe HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a ...
Medal of the Chamber of Technology of the GDR
*24 April 1987 – Medal of the Art and Science Senate of
Hamburg
Hamburg (, ; nds, label=Hamburg German, Low Saxon, Hamborg ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (german: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; nds, label=Low Saxon, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),. is the List of cities in Germany by popul ...
*15 May 1987 – Ernst Krokowski Prize of the Society for Biological Cancer Prevention
*3 March 1988 –
Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist. He discovered, described and named thousands of new s ...
Medal of Urania
*21 October 1988 – Gold Diesel Medal of
Munich
Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Ha ...
*25 November 1988 –
Friedrich von Schiller Prize of
Hamburg
Hamburg (, ; nds, label=Hamburg German, Low Saxon, Hamborg ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (german: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; nds, label=Low Saxon, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),. is the List of cities in Germany by popul ...
*26 September 1989 – Honorary Citizen of
Dresden
Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...
*15 July 1993 – ''
Colani Design France'' Prize
Books
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Tabellen der Elektronenphysik, Ionenphysik und Übermikroskopie. Bd. 1. Hauptgebiete'' (VEB Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1956)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Tabellen zur angewandten Kernphysik'' (Dt. Verl. d. Wissensch., 1956)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Eine glückliche Jugend im Zeichen der Technik'' (Kinderbuchverl., 1962)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Eine glückliche Jugend im Zeichen der Technik'' (Urania-Verl., 1965)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Ein glückliches Leben für Technik und Forschung'' (Suhrkamp Verlag KG, 1982)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Sauerstoff- Mehrschritt- Therapie. Physiologische und technische Grundlagen'' (Thieme, 1987)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Sechzig Jahre für Forschung und Fortschritt. Autobiographie'' (Verlag der Nation, 1987)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Mein Leben für Forschung und Fortschritt'' (Ullstein, 1987)
*Siegfried Reball, Manfred von Ardenne, and Gerhard Musiol ''Effekte der Physik und ihre Anwendungen'' (Deutscher Verlag, 1989)
*Manfred von Ardenne, Gerhard Musiol, and Siegfried Reball ''Effekte der Physik und ihre Anwendungen'' (Deutsch, 1990)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Die Erinnerungen'' (Herbig Verlag, 1990)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Fernsehempfang: Bau und Betrieb einer Anlage zur Aufnahme des Ultrakurzwellen-Fernsehrundfunks mit Braunscher Röhre'' (Weidmannsche, 1992)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Wegweisungen eines vom Optimismus geleiteten Lebens: Sammlung von Hinweisen, Lebenserfahrungen, Erkenntnissen, Aussprüchen und Aphorismen über sieben der Forschung gewidmeten Jahrzehnte'' (Verlag Kritische Wissensch., 1996)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Erinnerungen, fortgeschrieben'' (Droste, 1997)
*Manfred von Ardenne, Alexander von Ardenne, and Christian Hecht ''Systemische Krebs-Mehrschritt-Therapie'' (Hippokrates, 1997)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Gesundheit durch Sauerstoff- Mehrschritt- Therapie'' (Nymphenburger, 1998)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Wo hilft Sauerstoff-Mehrschritt-Therapie?'' (Urban & Fischer Verlag, 1999)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Arbeiten zur Elektronik. 1930, 1931, 1937, 1961, 1968'' (Deutsch, 2001)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Die physikalischen Grundlagen der Rundfunkanlagen'' (Funk Verlag, 2002)
*Manfred von Ardenne and Manfred Lotsch ''Ich bin ihnen begegnet'' (Droste, 2002)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Des Funkbastlers erprobte Schaltungen: Reprint der Originalausgabe von 1926'' (Funk Verlag, 2003)
*Manfred von Ardenne, Gerhard Musiol, and Siegfried Reball ''Effekte der Physik und ihre Anwendungen'' (Deutsch, 2003)
*Manfred von Ardenne ''Empfang auf kurzen Wellen - Möglichkeiten, Schaltungen und praktische Winke: Reprint der Originalausgabe von 1928'' (Funk Verlag, 2005)
*Manfred von Ardenne, Gerhard Musiol, and Siegfried Reball ''Effekte der Physik und ihre Anwendungen'' (Deutsch, 2005)
*Manfred von Ardenne and Kurt Borchardt (editors) ''Handbuch der Funktechnik und ihrer Grenzgebiete'' (Franckh)
See also
*
Technische Hochschule Dresden
*
Environmental scanning electron microscope
The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in ...
*
Raster scan
A raster scan, or raster scanning, is the rectangular pattern of image capture and reconstruction in television. By analogy, the term is used for raster graphics, the pattern of image storage and transmission used in most computer bitmap image s ...
*
Russian Alsos
*
German inventors and discoverers
References
Bibliography
*Albrecht, Ulrich, Andreas Heinemann-Grüder, and Arend Wellmann ''Die Spezialisten: Deutsche Naturwissenschaftler und Techniker in der Sowjetunion nach 1945'' (Dietz, 1992, 2001)
*Barkleit, Gerhard ''Manfred von Ardenne. Selbstverwirklichung im Jahrhundert der Diktaturen'' (Duncker & Humblot, 2006)
*Barwich, Heinz and Elfi Barwich ''Das rote Atom'' (Fischer-TB.-Vlg., 1984)
*Beneke, Klaus ''Die Kolloidwissenschaftler Peter Adolf Thiessen, Gerhart Jander, Robert Havemann, Hans Witzmann und ihre Zeit'' (Knof, 2000)
*Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas ''Die sowjetische Atombombe'' (Westfaelisches Dampfboot, 1992)
*Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas ''Keinerlei Untergang: German Armaments Engineers during the Second World War and in the Service of the Victorious Powers'' in Monika Renneberg and Mark Walker (editors) ''Science, Technology and National Socialism'' 30-50 (Cambridge, 2002 paperback edition)
*Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) ''Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources'' (Birkhäuser, 1996)
*Herbst, Wilhelm ''Manfred von Ardenne - Eine Anthologie -: Auswahl-Dokumentation historischer Fachartikel 1925-1938'' (Funk Verlag, 2007)
*Holloway, David ''Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–1956'' (Yale, 1994)
*Kruglov, Arkadii ''The History of the Soviet Atomic Industry'' (Taylor and Francis, 2002)
*Maddrell, Paul "Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961" (Oxford, 2006)
*Naimark, Norman M. ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949'' (Hardcover — Aug 11, 1995) Belknap
*Oleynikov, Pavel V. ''German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project'', ''The Nonproliferation Review'' Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30
(2000) The author has been a group leader at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in
Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).
*Riehl, Nikolaus and
Frederick Seitz ''Stalin's Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb'' (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996) . This book is a translation of Nikolaus Riehl's book ''Zehn Jahre im goldenen Käfig (Ten Years in a Golden Cage)'' (Riederer-Verlag, 1988); Seitz has written a lengthy introduction to the book. This book is a treasure trove with its 58 photographs.
*Schaaf, Michael ''Wir haben die russische Atombombe beschleunigt (We accelerated the building of the Russian atomic bomb)'' Interview with Manfred von Ardenne, in: ''Heisenberg, Hitler und die Bombe - Gespräche mit Zeitzeugen'' (GNT Verlag, Berlin 2001)
External links
aerzteblatt.de- ''Krebsforschung: Scheitern eines innovativen Ansatzes''
Experimental Oncology– ''To the 100 Birthday of M. von Ardenne''
- Der Historiker Dr. Rainer Karlsch über den Atomphysiker Ardenne
Literatur von und über Manfred von Ardenneim Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
- Zum 100. Geburtstag von Manfred von Ardenne
Oleynikov, Pavel V.''German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project'', ''The Nonproliferation Review'' Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30 (2000).
- ''Zur Ehrung von Manfred von Ardenne''
Von Ardenne– Deutsches Historisches Museum
- Dieter Wunderlich
Von Ardenne– Journal of Microscopy
von Ardenne– Sächsische Biografie
– Von Ardenne biography on official VON ARDENNE Corporate Website.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ardenne, Manfred Von
1907 births
1997 deaths
Scientists from Hamburg
Barons of Germany
Cultural Association of the GDR members
History of telecommunications in Germany
Members of the 4th Volkskammer
Members of the 5th Volkskammer
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20th-century German inventors
Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
German expatriates in the Soviet Union
East German scientists
University of Greifswald
Stalin Prize winners
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
20th-century German scientists
20th-century German physicists