Mancos Shale badlands in Capitol Reef NP

Uinta Piceance Basin stratigraphic column

The Mancos Shale or Mancos Group is a

Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', the ...

(Upper Cretaceous)

geologic formation A geological formation, or simply formation, is a body of rock having a consistent set of physical characteristics ( lithology) that distinguishes it from adjacent bodies of rock, and which occupies a particular position in the layers of rock exp ...

of the

Western United States The Western United States (also called the American West, the Far West, and the West) is the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. As American settlement in the U.S. expanded westward, the meaning of the term ''the Wes ...

. The Mancos Shale was first described by Cross and Purington in 1899 and was named for exposures near the town of

Mancos, Colorado Mancos is a statutory town in Montezuma County, Colorado, United States. The population was 1,196 at the 2020 census, down from 1,336 in 2010. The town is in southwestern Colorado, at the base of Mesa Verde National Park, and holds the trademar ...

Geology

The unit is dominated by

mudrock Mudrocks are a class of fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. The varying types of mudrocks include siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale. Most of the particles of which the stone is composed are less than and are too ...

that accumulated in offshore and marine environments of the Cretaceous North American Inland Sea. The Mancos was deposited during the

Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the s ...

(locally

Albian The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous Epoch/Series. Its approximate time range is 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 100.5 ± 0.9 M ...

) through

Campanian The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous Epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian s ...

ages, approximately from 95 million years ago ( Ma) to 80 Ma. Stratigraphically the Mancos Shale fills the interval between the

Dakota Dakota may refer to: * Dakota people, a sub-tribe of the Sioux ** Dakota language, their language Dakota may also refer to: Places United States * Dakota, Georgia, an unincorporated community * Dakota, Illinois, a town * Dakota, Minnesota, ...

and the Mesaverde Group. The lower marine Mancos Shale conformably

intertongues A geological contact is a boundary which separates one rock body from another. A contact can be formed during deposition, by the intrusion of magma, or through faulting or other deformation of rock beds that brings distinct rock bodies into contac ...

with terrestrial

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) ...

s and mudstones of the Dakota and in its upper part grades into and intertongues with the Mesaverde Group. The shale tongues typically have sharp basal contacts and gradational upper contacts. Whereas in the plains east of the Rocky Mountains certain mappable marine shales are identified as formations (e.g., Skull Creek,

Graneros Graneros is a Chilean commune and city in Cachapoal Province, O'Higgins Region. Deportes Graneros se conoce como unas de las candidatas a ganar la copa de la región Libertador Bernardo Ohiggins Tiene su Estadio renovado,El Estadio Miguel Riffo ...

), correlated deposits within the distribution of the Mancos are named as tongues of the greater Mancos Formation. Thus, the classification broadly corresponds with the

Colorado Group Colorado is a geologic name applied to certain rocks of Cretaceous age in the North America, particularly in the western Great Plains. This name was originally applied to classify a group of specific marine formations of shale and chalk kn ...

classification of the

Great Plains The Great Plains (french: Grandes Plaines), sometimes simply "the Plains", is a broad expanse of flatland in North America. It is located west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains, much of it covered in prairie, steppe, an ...

region. As such, various units of the Colorado Group are recognized within the Mancos in those areas where their distinct facies can be recognized.

Occurrences

The Mancos occurs in the

Basin and Range Province The Basin and Range Province is a vast physiographic region covering much of the inland Western United States and northwestern Mexico. It is defined by unique basin and range topography, characterized by abrupt changes in elevation, alternating ...

, the Colorado Plateau Province, and the San Juan Mountains Province.

Structural basins

The Mancos is a diverse unit, with dozens of named subunits in different

structural basin A structural basin is a large-scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat-lying strata. They are geological depressions, the inverse of domes. Elongated structural basins are also known as synclines. ...

s that often intertongue with other formations."Colorado River Basin Stratigraphy: Mancos Shale"
United States Geological Survey The subunits and intertonguing formations (in italics) in each basin, in stratigraphic order, are:

History of investigation

The Mancos Shale was first named by

Charles Whitman Cross Charles Whitman Cross (September 1, 1854 – April 20, 1949) was an American geologist. He was educated at Amherst College, the University of Göttingen, and Leipzig University. A petrologist, much of his field work concerned rocks in Colorado. H ...

and C.W. Purington in 1899, for outcrops near the town of

and along the

Mancos River The Mancos River, formerly also El Rio de San Lazaro, is an U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map, accessed March 21, 2011 northeast tributary of the San Juan River. It flows from the ...

nearby. The two geologists also traced the unit into the

Telluride, Colorado Telluride is the county seat and most populous town of San Miguel County in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Colorado. The town is a former silver mining camp on the San Miguel River in the western San Juan Mountains. The first ...

area. W.T. Lee had traced the unit north into the

Grand Mesa The Grand Mesa is a large mesa in western Colorado in the United States. It is the largest flat-topped mountain in the world. It has an area of about and stretches for about east of Grand Junction between the Colorado River and the Gunniso ...

area, defining it as all marine shale between the Dakota and the Mesaverde. It was subsequently traced into Utah and New Mexico. During their work in New Mexico in 1924, J.B. Reeside, Jr., and F.H. Knowlton found that the Mancos Shale could be divided into

biostratigraphic Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained within them.Hine, Robert. “Biostratigraphy.” ''Oxford Reference: Dictionary of Bio ...

corresponding closely to formations of the

further east. By 1944, Rankin had concluded that most of the formations of the Colorado Group could be identified as

lithostratigraphic Lithostratigraphy is a sub-discipline of stratigraphy, the geology, geological science associated with the study of stratum, strata or rock layers. Major focuses include geochronology, comparative geology, and petrology. In general, strata are ...

members of the Mancos Shale as well. The unit was raised to group rank by C.E. Jamison in 1911, and is sometimes given group rank in New Mexico and Utah as well.

References

{{Chronostratigraphy of Colorado, Mesozoic state=expanded Shale formations of the United States Upper Cretaceous Series of North America Cretaceous United States Campanian Stage Cenomanian Stage Coniacian Stage Santonian Stage Turonian Stage Cretaceous Arizona Cretaceous Colorado Cretaceous formations of New Mexico Cretaceous geology of Texas Cretaceous geology of Utah Cretaceous geology of Wyoming Geology of the Rocky Mountains

Geology

Occurrences

Structural basins

History of investigation

See also

References