Manzhouli (; mn, Манжуур хот; ) is a sub-prefectural city located in Hulunbuir prefecture-level city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Located on the border with Russia, it is a major land port of entry. It has an area of and a population of almost 250,000 (in 2010).

History

In ancient times the area was inhabited by the Donghu people, Donghu, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan people, Khitan, Jurchen people, Jurchen, Mongols and Manchu people, Manchu. During the decline of China's last dynasty, the Russian Empire forced the Qing Dynasty, Qing (1644–1912) to cede the Outer Manchurian territory in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun. That treaty effectively made the Argun River (Asia), Argun River, which originates in this area, the border between China and Russia. In 1901, the China Far East Railway was completed in accordance with the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty of 1896, linking Siberia, northeast China ("(Inner) Manchuria"), and the Russian Far East. A settlement then formed around Manchzhuriya Station, the first stop within Manchuria for Russians. It was the beginning of the modern city of Manzhouli and the name of Manzhouli came from Russian language, Russian ''Манжули'' (Manzhuli). In 1905, Manzhouli was designated a trading center, greatly boosting Manzhouli's growth. In 1908 the Manzhouli customs was set up. Under the Republic of China (1912-1949), Republic of China, Manzhouli (under the name ''Lubin'' [ zh, c=臚濱, p=Lúbīn, w=Lu2-pin1, labels=no]) came under the jurisdiction of the province of Xing'an Province, Hsingan. In 1927, Manzhouli was designated as a city. Although with Hsingan and surrounding areas, Manzhouli came under Japanese control in 1931, and was part of the Empire of Manchuria from 1932 to 1945. It became part of Inner Mongolia under China from 1946. In 1992, Manzhouli became one of the first land border cities opened up by the People's Republic of China. It has since experienced somewhat of a boom as a center of border trade between China and Russia. In 2017, the Manzhouli Stadium opened. The football stadium has a capacity of 20,153.

Geography and climate

Manzhouli is located in the western part of the Hulunbuir prefecture-level city. To the east, south and west it borders New Barghu Left Banner and New Barghu Right Banner, also in Hulunbuir, and Russia to the north, with which it shares a border long. The Russian townlet of Zabaykalsk is situated immediately north of Abagaitu Islet and Manzhouli. Manzhouli is located on the Hulunbuir grasslands. Lake Hulun to its immediate south is the PRC's fifth largest freshwater lake with an area of and an average depth of just . Manzhouli has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate that borders extremely closely on a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification, Köppen ''Dwb''/''BSk''), with temperatures in winter capable of plummeting below . However, in each month there is more than 55% of possible sunshine, and over three-fourths of annual precipitation occurs from June to August.

Administration

Manzhouli is divided into ten Subdistricts of China, subdistricts and one town of China, town. Six of the subdistricts of Manzhouli are grouped into Jalainur District. Technically however, only a prefecture-level city (half a level higher than Manzhouli) can have districts, so Jalainur District belongs to Hulunbuir, Hunlunbuir administratively though it is under Manzhouli's administration and covered in the statistics of Manzhouli.

Tourism

The border crossing with Russia is a tourist attraction. The Manzhouli China-Russia Border Tourist Area is a destination that brings together the border gate, a giant Matryoshka doll shaped hotel, and park filled with Matryoshka dolls. Other attractions within the scenic area are the No 41 Border Monument and the Locomotive Square. It has been rated as a AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China, AAAAA (5A) tourist attraction. Manzhouli Ice & Snow Festival takes place every winter from some time in February to early March. This is a smaller version of the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival. There is a replica of the Soviet Union, Soviet World War II monument, ''The Motherland Calls''.

Economy

Manzhouli is China's busiest land port of entry, and is responsible for 60% of all imports from and exports to Eastern Europe.

Demographics

Ninety-five percent of Manzhouli's population is Han Chinese. The remainder are Buryats, Buryat, Russians, Russian, Mongol, Manchu, or of other ethnicities.

Media

Much of the plot of the 2018 film ''An Elephant Sitting Still'' revolves around a number of characters traveling to a circus in Manzhouli.

Transportation

Railway

Trains from Beijing to Moscow on the Trans-Manchurian Railway, Trans-Manchurian branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway pass through Manzhouli Railway Station. There are also tourist lines to Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Chita, Krasnokamensk, Chita Oblast, Krasnokamensk, Irkutsk, and Ulan Ude. A break of gauge multi-modal transshipment facility was completed in 2008 across the Russian border in Zabaikalsk.

Air

Manzhouli Xijiao Airport is located in the western part of the city. Passengers can fly to Beijing and Inner Mongolia's capital city Hohhot from the airport as well as the Russian city of Chita and the Mongolian capital city Ulaanbaatar via Choibalsan (city), Choibalsan.

Highway

*By China National Highway 301 linked to Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang cities.

Sister cities

Manzhouli is twinned with the following sister cities.Sister cities

References

External links

Official Site
(Simplified Chinese)
Information Portal
(Simplified Chinese)

Manzhouli: Photos and observations
Manzhouli : City of the Plain
Pictures and Stories of a trip to Manzhouli at www.pocopico.com
St. Jonah of Manchuria (Russian Orthodox Saint who lived and died in Manzhouli)Post codes of Inner Mongolia
(English) {{Authority control Cities in Inner Mongolia China–Russia border crossings Hulunbuir