Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a
creole language
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing of different languages into a new one within a fairly brief period of time: often, a pidgin evolved into a full-fledged language. ...
spoken in
Manado
Manado () is the capital City status in Indonesia, city of the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of North Sulawesi. It is the second largest city in Sulawesi after Makassar, with the 2020 Census giving a population of 451,916 distribu ...
, the capital of
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi ( id, Sulawesi Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Minahasa Peninsula of Sulawesi, south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. It borders the Philippine province of Davao Occidental and Soccsks ...
province in
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is , and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
and
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
loan words as a result of colonisation and having traits such as its use of as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person
inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from
North Moluccan Malay
North Moluccan Malay (also known as Ternate Malay) is a Malay-based creole language spoken on Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera, and Sula Islands, North Maluku for intergroup communications. The local name of the language is ''Bahasa Pasar'', and the na ...
(Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of
Ternate
Ternate is a city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands. It was the ''de facto'' provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the we ...
loanwords in its lexicon. For example, the pronouns ('you', singular) and ('you', plural) are of
Ternate–Tidore origin.
Phonology
Vowels
The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.
Consonants
Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.
Stress
Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:
However, there are also many words with final stress:
Grammar
Pronouns
Personal
Possessives
Possessives are built by adding to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
Interrogative words
The following are the
interrogative word
An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as ''what, which'', ''when'', ''where'', ''who, whom, whose'', ''why'', ''whether'' and ''how''. They are sometimes called wh-words, because in English most o ...
s or "w-words" in Manado Malay:
Grammatical aspect
('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the
perfective aspect
The perfective aspect (abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the imp ...
, e.g.:
* = 'They already went down to Wenang'
* = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already'
* = 'me', 'myself', 'I' or 'we', 'us'
* = 'we', 'us'.
Nasal final
The final nasals and in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with
Terengganu
Terengganu (; Terengganu Malay: ''Tranung'', Jawi: ), formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, ''Dāru l- Īmān'' ("Abode of Faith"). ...
dialect of
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
, e.g.:
* (Indonesian ) = 'to eat',
* (Indonesian ) = 'to walk',
* (Indonesian ) = 'to shower', etc.
Prefix
"ba-" prefix
The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English ''-ing'', is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'walking'), (, 'swimming'), (, 'laying eggs')
"ma(°)-" prefix
° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'hooking fish'), (, 'dancing'), (, 'searching'), (, 'cooking'), (, 'crying').
Influences
Loanwords
Due to the past colonisation by the
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
and the
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
in Sulawesi, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages.
Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay
Several words in Manado Malay are
loaned to standard Indonesian:
* (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: ('to punch each other'), ('to hit each other'), ('to debate one another'), ('to laugh oneselves off'), and ('to meet each other').
References
Works cited
*
*
*
*
External links
Alkitab Bahasa Manado the first Bible translation into Manado Malay (2017).
Manado Malay-English-Indonesian Dictionary Webonary.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malay, Manado, Language
Agglutinative languages
Malay-based pidgins and creoles
Languages of Sulawesi