Mammon (other)

Mammon in the New Testament of the Bible is commonly thought to mean money, material wealth, or any entity that promises wealth, and is associated with the greedy pursuit of gain. The Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke both quote Jesus using the word in a phrase often rendered in English as "You cannot serve both God and mammon."

In the Middle Ages, it was often personified and sometimes included in the seven princes of Hell.
''Mammon'' in Hebrew (ממון) means "money". The word was adopted to modern Hebrew to mean wealth.

Etymology

The word ''Mammon'' comes into English from post-classical Latin ''mammona'' "wealth", used most importantly in the Vulgate Bible (along with Tertullian's ''mammonas'' and pseudo-Jerome's ''mammon''). This was in turn borrowed from Hellenistic Greek μαμωνᾶς, which appears in the New Testament, borrowed from Aramaic מָמוֹנָא ''māmōnā'', an emphatic form of the word ''māmōn'' "wealth, profit", perhaps specifically from the Syriac dialect. The spelling μαμμωνᾷ refers to "a Syrian deity, god of riches; Hence riches, wealth"; μαμωνᾶς is transliterated from Aramaic �מוןand also means "wealth".''Webster's Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged'': Publishers International Press, New York, 1977. However, it is not clear what the earlier history of the Aramaic form is.Hastings, James, ed.; New York, Scribners, 1908–1921
''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics''
Volume 8:374 The word may have been present throughout the Canaanite languages: the word is unknown in Old Testament Hebrew, but has been found in the Qumran documents; post-biblical Hebrew attests to ''māmōn''; and, according to St Augustine of Hippo, Punic included the word ''mammon'' "profit". It has been suggested that the Aramaic word ''māmōn'' was a loanword from Mishnaic Hebrew ממון (mamôn) meaning money, wealth, or possessions; although it may also have meant "that in which one trusts".

According to the Textus Receptus of the New Testament,F. H. A. Scrivener, ed., ''The New Testament in Greek'' (London: Cambridge University Press, 1949) the Greek word translated "Mammon" is spelt μαμμωνᾷ in the Sermon on the Mount at Matthew 6:24, and μαμωνᾶ (from μαμωνᾶς) in the Parable of the Unjust Steward at Luke 16:9,11,13. The 27th edition of the popular Critical Text of the New TestamentBarbara and Kurt Aland et al, eds., ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006) has μαμωνᾶ in all four places with no indication of any textual variances, thereby ignoring the Textus Receptus reading at Matthew 6:24. The Liddell and Scott LexiconHenry George Liddell and Robert Scott, compilers, London, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1889
''A Greek-English Lexicon''
(15 May 2015) has a listing for each spelling, indicating that each occurs only in the New Testament, nowhere else in ancient and Hellenistic Greek literature. The spelling μαμμωνᾷ refers to "a Syrian deity, god of riches; Hence riches, wealth"; μαμωνᾶς is transliterated from Aramaic �מוןand also means "wealth". The Authorised Version uses "Mammon" for both Greek spellings; John Wycliffe uses ''richessis''.

The Revised Standard Version of the Bible explains it as "a Semitic word for money or riches". The International Children's Bible (ICB) uses the wording "You cannot serve God and money at the same time".

Christians began to use "mammon" as a pejorative, a term that was used to describe gluttony, excessive materialism, greed, and unjust worldly gain.

Early mentions of Mammon allude to the Gospels, e.g., ''Didascalia'', "''De solo Mammona cogitant, quorum Deus est sacculus''" (lit. ''They think only of Mammon, whose God is the purse''); and Saint Augustine, "''Lucrum Punice Mammon dicitur''" (lit. "''Riches is called Mammon by the Phoenicians''" (Sermon on the Mount, ii).

Personifications

Gregory of Nyssa also asserted that Mammon was another name for Beelzebub.

In the 4th century Cyprian and Jerome relate Mammon to greed and greed as an evil master that enslaves, and John Chrysostom even personifies Mammon as greed.

During the Middle Ages, Mammon was commonly personified as the demon of wealth and greed. Thus Peter Lombard (II, dist. 6) says, "Riches are called by the name of a devil, namely Mammon, for Mammon is the name of a devil, by which name riches are called according to the Syrian tongue." Piers Plowman also regards Mammon as a deity. Nicholas de Lyra, commenting on the passage in Luke, says: "''Mammon est nomen daemonis''" (Mammon is the name of a demon).

Albert Barnes in his ''Notes on the New Testament'' states that Mammon was a Syriac word for an idol worshipped as the god of riches, similar to Plutus among the Greeks, but he cited no authority for the statement.

No trace, however, of any Syriac god of such a name exists, and the common literary identification of the name with a god of covetousness or avarice likely stems from Spenser's '' The Faerie Queene'', where Mammon oversees a cave of worldly wealth. Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' describes a fallen angel who values earthly treasure over all other things.'', C. G. Herbermann, E. A. Pace, C. B. Pallen, T. J. Shahan, and J. J. Wynne, editors, pg. 580, "Mammon" by Hugh Pope. The Encyclopedia Press, New York, 1913.''Select Notes on the International Sabbath School Lessons'', F. N. Peloubet, W. A. Wilde and Company, Boston, 1880. Later occultist writings such as Jacques Collin de Plancy's '' Dictionnaire Infernal'' describe Mammon as Hell's ambassador to England. For Thomas Carlyle in '' Past and Present'' (1843), the "Gospel of Mammonism" became simply a metaphoric personification for the materialist spirit of the 19th century.

Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in '' The Divine Comedy'' as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves having been associated with greed in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as "Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed".

Under the influence of the Social Gospel movement, American populists, progressives and "muck-rakers" during the generation of 1880–1925 used "Mammon" with specific reference to the consolidated wealth and power of the banking and corporate institutions headquartered on Wall Street and their predatory activities nationwide.

In various countries

* "Mamona" (sometimes "Mamuna") is a synonym for mammon among Slavs. In the 21st century, the word "mamona" is used figuratively and derogatorily in Polish as a synonym of money. In Slovak the word ''mamonár'' is sometimes used to refer to a greedy person. On the other hand, in Russian, the word "мамон" is used as a slang word to describe one's obese belly.
* The word "mammona" is quite often used in the Finnish and Estonian languages as a synonym of material wealth.
* In German, the word "Mammon" is a colloquial and contemptuous term for "money". Usually as a phrase in combination with the adjective "schnöde" ("der schnöde Mammon" = the contemptible mammon).

In literature

The 1409 Lollard manuscript titled '' Lanterne of Light'' associated Mammon with the deadly sin of the greed.

In ''Past and Present'' (1843), Thomas Carlyle describes Victorian England's worship of money as the "Gospel of Mammonism".

In popular culture

Numerous characters and demons are named Mammon in books, film, television, and games.
In The Simpsons, Mr. Burns' address is 1000 Mammon St, at the intersection of Mammon and Croesus.

See also

* Asceticism
* Christian demons in popular culture
* Christian views on poverty and wealth
* Evangelical counsels
* Jewish views of poverty, wealth and charity
* Prosperity theology
* Seven deadly sins
* Vow of poverty

References

External links

"Mammon"
at thmon-mammon "Mamon"] at the ''Jewish Encyclopedia''
"Mammon"
at the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
{{Authority control
Christian terminology
Demons in Christianity
Fortune gods
Money
New Testament Aramaic words and phrases
New Testament Hebrew words and phrases
Personifications