''Mammillaria spinosissima'' (), also known as the spiny pincushion cactus, is a
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
in the cactus
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Cactaceae,
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...
to the central Mexican states of
Guerrero
Guerrero is one of the 32 states that comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo and its largest city is Acapulcocopied from article, GuerreroAs of 2020, Guerrero the pop ...
and
Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately . The species was
described in 1838 by
James Forbes, gardener of the
Duke of Bedford
Duke of Bedford (named after Bedford, England) is a title that has been created six times (for five distinct people) in the Peerage of England. The first and second creations came in 1414 and 1433 respectively, in favour of Henry IV's third so ...
. Botanist
David Hunt collected a specimen in 1971, when he located one near
Sierra de Tepoztlan, Mexico.
The cylindrical and elongated plants grow up to tall and wide. They reach full height after five to ten years. The spines are red-brown or white, with cream-colored radials and pink, funnel-shaped flowers that grow in a ring around the apex of the stem to approximately long. It grows low to the ground in solitary or in clusters, and its flowers produce generally bright red berries that are club-shaped, smooth, and juicy.
''M. spinosissima'' thrive in well-drained soils that are sandy or
loam, with a
pH ranging from acidic to neutral. They prefer low humidity and full, filtered sun. Plants are typically watered once every two or three weeks, and kept nearly dry during the winter months. They require no pruning and make good patio and container plants. They are relatively disease resistant, but susceptible to pests such as
mealybugs. Synonyms of ''M. spinosissima'' include ''Mammillaria centraliplumosa'', ''Mammillaria haasii'', and ''Mammillaria virginis''.
Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his Nobility#Ennoblement, ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalise ...
designated ''
Mammillaria
''Mammillaria'' is one of the largest genera in the cactus family (Cactaceae), with currently 200 known species and varieties recognized. Most of the mammillaria are native to Mexico, but some come from the southwest United States, the Caribbea ...
'' as a type
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
for
cactus
A cactus (, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Gree ...
in 1753. In 1838,
James Forbes, gardener of the
Duke of Bedford
Duke of Bedford (named after Bedford, England) is a title that has been created six times (for five distinct people) in the Peerage of England. The first and second creations came in 1414 and 1433 respectively, in favour of Henry IV's third so ...
, listed and
described a species he called ''Echinocactus spinosissimas'' from a group of cacti he had acquired in Europe three years earlier.
Nathaniel Lord Britton
Nathaniel Lord Britton (January 15, 1859 – June 25, 1934) was an American botanist and taxonomist who co-founded the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx, New York.
Early life
Britton was born in New Dorp in Staten Island, New York to Jasp ...
and
Joseph Nelson Rose
Joseph Nelson Rose (January 11, 1862 – May 4, 1928) was an American botanist. He was born in Union County, Indiana. His father died serving during the Civil War when Joseph Rose was a young boy. He later graduated from high school in Libert ...
believe that Forbes was given that name by
Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer
Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer, also known as Louis Pfeiffer (4 July 1805 – 2 October 1877), was a German physician, botanist and conchologist.
Early life, Education & Medical Career
Louis Pfeiffer was born in Cassel, the eldest son of the jurist ...
, but the plant was actually ''Mammillaria spinosissima''.
Pfeiffer had published the first infrageneric division of ''Mammillaria'' in 1837, dividing the genus into two groups based on distinct spine characteristics. In 1845,
Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck
Joseph Franz Maria Anton Hubert Ignatz Fürst und Altgraf zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (4 September 1773 at Castle Dyck near Neuss – 21 March 1861 in Nice) was a German amateur botanist and owner of Castle Dyck. Dyck was a member of an impor ...
– based on work by
Frederick Scheer Frederick may refer to:
People
* Frederick (given name), the name
Nobility
Anhalt-Harzgerode
* Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1613–1670)
Austria
* Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg), Duke of Austria from 1195 to 1198
* Frederic ...
– expanded the classification into eight groups. With at least 145 recognized species, it is one of the largest and most morphologically variable genera in the cactus family. Others estimate there are as many as two hundred species of ''Mammillaria'', including sixty-two cultivated species from India. Though larger, the genus ''
Opuntia'' is less popular with gardeners and landscapers. ''Mammillaria'' was previously thought to be
monophyletic, but
phylogenic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
analysis indicates that ''Mammilloydia'' is "embedded within a 'core' group of ''Mammillaria'' species." A specimen of ''Mammillaria spinosissima'' was collected by Botanist
David Hunt in September 1971, when he located one in Mexico, near the Morelos Cautla-Cuernavaca toll road in
Sierra de Tepoztlan, at an altitude of .
Similar species, subspecies and synonyms
Species similar to ''Mammillaria spinosissima'' include ''
Mammillaria backebergiana'' and ''
Mammillaria meyranii''. Subspecies include ''M. spinosissima pilcayensis'', synonym: ''Bravo'' (D. R. Hunt), ''M. spinosissima tepoxtlana'' (D. R. Hunt), and ''M. spinosissima spinosissima'' (Lem.). Synonyms of ''M. spinosissima'' include ''Mammillaria centraliplumosa'' (Fittkau), ''Mammillaria haasii'' (J. Meyrán), and ''Mammillaria virginis'' (Fittkau and Kladiwa).
Description
''Mammillaria spinosissima'', also known as spiny pincushion cactus, are cylindrical plants that grow up to tall and wide. They reach full height after five to ten years. The spines are red-brown or white, with cream-colored radials and pink, funnel-shaped flowers that grow in a ring around the apex of the stem to approximately long. The relatively small cacti are globular or elongated, and the flowers produce generally bright red berries that are club-shaped, smooth, and juicy.
''Mammillaria'' species tend to grow low to the ground in solitary or grouped in clusters. The genus is marked by its dimorphic
areole
In botany, areoles are small light- to dark-colored bumps on cacti out of which grow clusters of spines. Areoles are important diagnostic features of cacti, and identify them as a family distinct from other succulent plants. Gordon Rowley - W ...
s: the spine bearing, or vegetative, areoles are located on the apex of the tubercle, and flowering areoles are located inside the axils of the tubercles. The stem is woolly and covered with bristles.
Native habitat
The genus ''Mammillaria'' native habitat ranges from Colombia and Venezuela to the Southwestern United States. Its diversity is greatest in Mexico. Species have also been documented in the West Indies. ''M. spinosissima'' is
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...
to central Mexico and concentrated in the states of
Guerrero
Guerrero is one of the 32 states that comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo and its largest city is Acapulcocopied from article, GuerreroAs of 2020, Guerrero the pop ...
and
Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately ; they prefer dry, tropical forests and xerophilous scrub. The subspecies ''pilcayensis'' is named for its occurrence in the Barranca de Pilcaya, in Guerrero.
Cultivation
Britton and Rose believe that ''M. spinosissima'' has been in cultivation since at least 1835. The species thrives in well-drained soils that are sandy or
loam, with a
pH that is acidic, alkaline, or neutral. They prefer low humidity, and grow well under glass, with full, filtered sun from the south, north, and east. Plants are typically watered once every couple of weeks, and kept nearly dry during the winter months. Propagation is facilitated by offsets of seeds sown in early spring in weather. They require no pruning and make good patio and container plants. They are disease resistant, but are susceptible to pests such as
mealybugs
Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. Many species are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a ...
. This plant has gained the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nor ...
’s
Award of Garden Merit.
Gallery
File:Mammillaria spinosissima.jpeg, In a cluster, Kew Gardens
Kew Gardens is a botanic garden in southwest London that houses the "largest and most diverse botanical and mycological collections in the world". Founded in 1840, from the exotic garden at Kew Park, its living collections include some of the ...
, London
File:Mammillarspinosissima.jpg, Flowers
File:Mammillaria (aka).jpg, ''M. spinosissima'' cv. 'un pico'
File:Fuzzy cactuses.jpg, ''M. spinosissima subsp. pilcayensis''
Notes
;Bibliography
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External links
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{{Taxonbar, from=Q290002
spinosissima
Cacti of Mexico
Endemic flora of Mexico
North American desert flora
Flora of Guerrero
Plants described in 1891