![AT-3 Sagger missile control box](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/AT-3_Sagger_missile_control_box.JPG)
The 9M14 Malyutka (russian: Малютка, links=no; "Little one",
NATO reporting name
NATO reporting names are code names for military equipment from Russia, China, and historically, the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw Pact). They provide unambiguous and easily understood English words in a uniform manne ...
: AT-3 Sagger) is a
manual command to line of sight (MCLOS)
wire-guided
A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site. As the missile flies, the wires are reeled out behi ...
anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed in the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
. It was the first man-portable anti-tank guided missile of the Soviet Union and is probably the most widely produced ATGM of all time—with Soviet production peaking at 25,000 missiles a year during the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, copies of the missile have been manufactured under various names by at least six countries.
Although they have been supplanted by more advanced anti-tank guided missiles, the Malyutka and its variants have seen widespread use in nearly every regional conflict since the 1960s.
Development
Development began in July 1961 with the government assigning the project to two design teams: Tula and Kolomna. The requirements were:
* Vehicle mountable and/or man portable
* Range of 3,000 meters
* Armor penetration of 200 millimetres at 60°
* Maximum weight of 10 kilograms
The designs were based on the Western ATGMs of the 1950s, such as the French
ENTAC and the Swiss
Cobra. In the end, the prototype developed by the
Kolomna Machine Design Bureau, who were also responsible for the
3M6 Shmel
The 3M6 ''Shmel'' (russian: 3М6 «Шмель»; en, bumblebee) is an MCLOS wire-guided Anti-tank missile of the Soviet Union. Its GRAU designation is "3M6" and its NATO reporting name is AT-1 Snapper.
Too large to be manportable, it was typic ...
, was chosen. Initial tests were completed by 20 December 1962, and the missile was accepted for service on 16 September 1963.
Description
The missile can be fired from a portable suitcase launcher (9P111), ground vehicles (
BMP-1,
BRDM-2) and helicopters (
Mi-2,
Mi-8
The Mil Mi-8 (russian: Ми-8, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s and introduced into the Soviet Air Force in 1968.
It is now produced by Russia.
In addition to ...
,
Mi-24
The Mil Mi-24 (russian: Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers. It is produced by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant and has been o ...
,
Soko Gazelle). The missile takes about five minutes to deploy from its 9P111 fibreglass suitcase, which also serves as the launching platform.
The missile is guided to the target by means of a small joystick (9S415), which requires intensive training of the operator. The operator's adjustments are transmitted to the missile via a thin three-strand wire that trails behind the missile. The missile climbs into the air immediately after launch, which prevents it from hitting obstacles or the ground. In flight, the missile spins at 8.5 revolutions per second—it is initially spun by its booster, and the spin is maintained by the slight angle of the wings. The missile uses a small
gyroscope
A gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος ''gŷros'', "round" and σκοπέω ''skopéō'', "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity. It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rota ...
to orient itself relative to the ground; as a result, the missile can take some time to bring back in line with the target, which gives it a minimum range of between . For targets under 1,000 m, the operator can guide the missile by eye; for targets beyond this range the operator uses the eight-power, 22.5-degree field of view, 9Sh16
periscope
A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position.
In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with ...
sight.
The engagement envelope is a , 45-degree arc centered on the missile's launch axis. At ranges under , this arc reduces until, at the range, the missile can only hit targets either side of the center line. Accuracy falls off away from the launch axis—falling to approximately half its optimal accuracy at the extremes.
While early estimates of the missile hitting the target ranged from 60 to 90%, experience has shown that it can drop to an efficiency between 2 and 25% in case of less than optimal conditions and lack of skill from the operator. In fact, MCLOS requires considerable skill on the part of the operator, nevertheless, the weapon has always been quite popular with its operators and has enjoyed a constant updating effort both in the Soviet Union/Russia and in other countries.
The two most serious defects of the original weapon are its minimum range of between (targets that are closer cannot be effectively engaged) and the amount of time it takes the slow moving missile to reach maximum range—around 30 seconds—giving the intended target time to take appropriate action, either by retreating behind an obstacle, laying down a
smoke-screen, or by returning fire on the operato
Later versions of the missile addressed these problems by implementing the much easier to use guidance system (though only available for ground vehicle and helicopter mounts), as well as upgrading the propulsion system to increase the average flight speed. The latest updates feature
tandem-charge warheads or standoff probes to counteract
explosive reactive armor, as well as thermal imaging systems. Even in these latest versions, the Malyutka is probably the most inexpensive ATGM in service today, with a unit cost far less than that of more advanced systems.
History
In
Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
service, the man-portable version was deployed as part of the anti-tank
platoon
A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two or more squads, sections, or patrols. Platoon organization varies depending on the country and the branch, but a platoon can be composed of 50 people, although specific platoons may range ...
of motor rifle
battalion
A battalion is a military unit, typically consisting of 300 to 1,200 soldiers commanded by a lieutenant colonel, and subdivided into a number of companies (usually each commanded by a major or a captain). In some countries, battalions are ...
s. Each platoon had two ''Malyutka'' sections, each with two teams. Each team had two launcher stations. One assistant gunner in each team served as an
RPG-7 gunner. The RPG-7 was needed to cover the 500 meter deadzone created by the minimum range of the missile.
It is also an integrated part of the
BMP-1,
BMD-1, and
BRDM-2 vehicles.
Vietnam War
On 23 April 1972, the recently organized
Army of the Republic of Vietnam
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN; ; french: Armée de la république du Viêt Nam) composed the ground forces of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces, South Vietnamese military from its inception in 1955 to the Fall of Saigon in April ...
(ARVN)
20th Tank Regiment was attacked by the
People's Army of Vietnam
The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN; vi, Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam, QĐNDVN), also recognized as the Vietnam People's Army (VPA) or the Vietnamese Army (), is the military force of the Vietnam, Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the ...
(PAVN) employing the 9M14M Malyutka anti-tank guided missile for the first time.
[Dunstan] The 20th was the only South Vietnamese armor unit equipped with the
M48 Patton
The M48 Patton is an American List of main battle tanks by generation#First generation, first-generation main battle tank (MBT) introduced in February 1952, being designated as the 90mm Gun Tank: M48. It was designed as a replacement for the M2 ...
tank. This first employment of the Malyutka destroyed one M48A3 and one
M113 armored cavalry assault vehicle (ACAV), and a second ACAV was damaged.
During this engagement with the weapon, the ARVN tankers appeared fascinated by the missile's slow and erratic flight,
[ but through experience, they soon deployed countermeasures against the weapon system. Upon launching by the enemy, ARVN crewmen would fire all their weapons towards the missile's firing position, which would make the gunner flinch and lose control of his missile. Although the gunner could take cover away from the launch site, the joystick control wire only allowed 15 meters of clearance. During the engagement, the ARVN eventually lost eight tanks to the 9M14M missile, but had developed tactics to defend themselves against it.]
During the Battle of Kontum
The lead-up to the Battle of Kontum began in mid-1971, when North Vietnam decided that its victory in Operation Lam Son 719 indicated that the time had come for large-scale conventional offensives that could end the war quickly. The resulting offe ...
(1972), 33 missiles were fired and 32 hit, destroying four tanks, two howitzers, six bunkers and seven other targets.
During the Battle of Cửa Việt
Battle of Cửa Việt was a battle in the Vietnam War, occurring between 25–31 January 1973 at the Cửa Việt naval base and its vicinity, in northeast Quảng Trị Province. The battle involved a combined task force of South Vietname ...
(1973), the PAVN put up fierce resistance to the attack, destroying 26 M48s and M113s with 9M14 missiles.
Throughout the war, PAVN gunner Dao Van Tien fired 134 missiles and 130 hit, destroying 23 tanks and APCs, 12 howitzers, 27 bunkers and 17 other targets.
Yom Kippur War
The missile was employed by Arab armies during the initial phases of the Yom Kippur War
The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from October 6 to 25, 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egy ...
.[Tucker, Spencer, C, ''The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars'', ABC-CLIO, LLC, (Santa Barbara California, 2010), p. 158, ] Later in the war, the Israelis adopted new tactics and learned to neutralize the threat by employing large concentrations of artillery fire to either distract or kill the missile operators.[ Other improvised methods used by the Israelis to defeat the Malyutkas involved firing in front of the tank to create dust, moving back and forth and firing at the source of the missile.][Rabinovich, Abraham, ''The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed The Middle East'', Random House, p.140] These Israeli tactics were later adopted by NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...
forces to counter the threat posed by Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP) or Treaty of Warsaw, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republic ...
ATGMs.[ In total, Malyutkas knocked out more than 800 Israeli tanks and other combat vehicles during the war.
]
Libyan Civil War
Rebels of the Free Libyan Army have been filmed using Malyutkas during the Libyan Civil War
Demographics of Libya is the demography of Libya, specifically covering population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, and religious affiliations, as well as other aspects of the Libyan population. The ...
.
Syrian Civil War
Syrian rebels have also uploaded videos of themselves firing Malyutkas against government forces since late 2012.
Models
* 9M14 ''Malyutka''
** 9M14 ''Malyutka'' (NATO reporting name AT-3 ''Sagger'') wire-guided
A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site. As the missile flies, the wires are reeled out behi ...
MCLOS, entered service in 1963.
** 9M14P ''Malyutka-P'' (NATO reporting name AT-3C ''Sagger C'') wire-guided
A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site. As the missile flies, the wires are reeled out behi ...
SACLOS, entered service in 1969. Improved warhead (460 mm versus RHA)
*** 9M14P1 Improved warhead (520 mm versus RHA), and a stand off probe for improved capability against ERA
An era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.
Compa ...
.
*** 9M14MP1
*** 9M14MP2
** 9M14M ''Malyutka-M'' (NATO reporting name AT-3B ''Sagger B'') wire-guided
A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site. As the missile flies, the wires are reeled out behi ...
MCLOS, entered service in 1973. Improved motor, reducing flight time to maximum range. Mass 11 kg. Range 3 km.
** 9M14-2 ''Malyutka-2'' (NATO reporting name AT-3D ''Sagger D'') wire-guided
A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site. As the missile flies, the wires are reeled out behi ...
SACLOS, entered service in 1992. Speed improved to 130 m/s. 3.5 kg HEAT
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not ''contain'' heat. Nevertheless, the term is al ...
warhead (800 mm penetration versus RHA). Weight 12.5 kg. Range 3 km.
*** 9M14-2M ''Malyutka-2M'' 4.2 kg tandem HEAT warhead for improved capability against ERA
An era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.
Compa ...
. Weight 13.5 kg. Speed 120 m/s.
*** 9M14-2P ''Malyutka-2P''
*** 9M14-2F ''Malyutka-2F'' 3.0 kg thermobaric
A thermobaric weapon, also called an aerosol bomb, a vacuum bomb or a fuel air explosive (FAE), is a type of explosive that uses oxygen from the surrounding air to generate a high-temperature explosion. The fuel–air explosive is one of the be ...
warhead. Intended for use against troops and soft vehicles.
*** 9M14P-2F
*** 9M14-2T Serbian VTI Malyutka-2T SACLOS. 4.4 kg tandem HEAT warhead (1,000 mm penetration versus RHA), improved capability against ERA
An era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.
Compa ...
. Weight 13.7 kg. Speed 120 m/s.
*** 2T5 Serbian VTI Malyutka-2T5 range 5 kilometers, guided missile via radio control. Speed 200 m/s.
* HJ-73 ''Hongjian'' Red Arrow-73 China
** HJ-73 MCLOS entered service in 1979
** HJ-73A SACLOS new guidance system as well as stronger primary warhead.
** HJ-73B SACLOS stand off probe for improved capability against ERA
An era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.
Compa ...
** HJ-73C SACLOS tandem HEAT warhead to penetrate vehicles protected by ERA. Launcher equipped with thermals.
* RAAD Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
** RAAD 9M14M clone
** RAAD-T tandem HEAT warhead
** I-RAAD SACLOS
** I-RAAD-T SACLOS tandem HEAT warhead
* Susong-Po North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu River, Y ...
n
* Maliutka M2T Romania, joint ELMEC and Euromissile project, uses MILAN 2T tandem warhead capable of defeating ~900mm of RHA.
* Kun Wu 1 In the 1970s, the Taiwanese National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology replicated and produced the 9M14 Malyutka as the Kun Wu. The ROC had obtained the 9M14 Malyutkas from South Vietnam
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam ( vi, Việt Nam Cộng hòa), was a state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of th ...
. Due to the dated design and low priority placed on anti-tank weapons by the armed forces it was not widely adopted.
Production
The Malyutka and modern derivatives are still produced in several versions in following countries:
* North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu River, Y ...
– domestic version Susong-Po
* Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
– domestic modernized version RAAD
* Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
– few domestic modernized versions with different types of warheads, range and guidance
* Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
– CTVN-18, under license from Serbia version with improved SACLOS guidance
* China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
– HJ-73 variants
* Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
– Malyutka M2T
* Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
– licensed modernized version AHRAM with new warheads and a thermal sight
Operators
Current
* – 6000 sent into country by USSR, unknown amount remaining/still in use
*
*
*
*
* -Chinese HJ-73.
*
* - in storage
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* both imported Malyutkas and locally manufactured copies
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* – Will be replaced with 9M133 Kornet and Israeli Spikes
* Locally manufactured, used on BWP-1
The BMP-1 is a Soviet amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle, in service 1966–present. BMP stands for ''Boyevaya Mashina Pyekhoty 1'' (russian: link=no, Боевая Машина Пехоты 1; БМП-1), meaning "infantry fighting ...
and 9P133.
*
*
*
*
* – Chinese HJ-73.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Non-state
* Al-Shabaab
* Boko Haram
Boko Haram, officially known as ''Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād'' ( ar, جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, lit=Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawah and Jihad), is an Islamic terrorist organization ...
* Hamas
Hamas (, ; , ; an acronym of , "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist, militant, and nationalist organization. It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Bri ...
*
Hezbollah
Hezbollah (; ar, حزب الله ', , also transliterated Hizbullah or Hizballah, among others) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, led by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah since 1992. Hezbollah's parami ...
* Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
An Islamic state is a State (polity), state that has a form of government based on sharia, Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical Polity, polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a t ...
[International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 2017]
* Islamic State – Sinai Province
* KDP Peshmerga
* Libyan National Army
The Libyan National Army (LNA; ar, الجيش الوطني الليبي, ''al-jaysh al-waṭaniyy al-Lībii'') is a component of Libya's military forces which were nominally a unified national force under the command of Field Marshal Khalifa Ha ...
* Palestine Liberation Organization
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; ar, منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية, ') is a Palestinian nationalism, Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization founded in 1964 with the initial purpose of establ ...
* Palestinian Islamic Jihad (aka Al-Quds Brigades)
* PKK
* Popular Mobilization Units
The Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) ( ar, الحشد الشعبي ''al-Ḥashd ash-Shaʿbī''), also known as the People's Mobilization Committee (PMC) and the Popular Mobilization Units (PMU), is an Iraqi state-sponsored umbrella organization ...
* Syrian rebels
A number of states and armed groups have involved themselves in the ongoing Syrian Civil War as belligerents.
Syrian Arab Republic and allies
A number of sources have emphasized that as of at least late-2015/early-2016 the Syrian Arab Republic ...
* Tahrir al-Sham
Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) (, transliteration: ', "Organization for the Liberation of the Levant" or "Levant Liberation Committee"), commonly referred to as Tahrir al-Sham, is a Sunni Islamist political and armed organisation involved in the ...
Former
* - Chinese HJ-73
*
*
*
*
*
* – 50 sent in 1980s
*
* .
*
* National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR)
* National Liberation Army (Macedonia)
* Kosovo Liberation Army
The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA; , UÇK) was an ethnic Albanian separatist militia that sought the separation of Kosovo, the vast majority of which is inhabited by Albanians, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and Serbia during the ...
* Palestinian Authority
The Palestinian National Authority (PA or PNA; ar, السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية '), commonly known as the Palestinian Authority and officially the State of Palestine,
*
* 1970s military aid
*
*
* – Reserve
* Taliban
The Taliban (; ps, طالبان, ṭālibān, lit=students or 'seekers'), which also refers to itself by its state (polity), state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic fundamentalist, m ...
* Union of Forces for Democracy and Development
The Union of Forces for Democracy and Development is the largest group of Chadian rebel forces opposed to former President Idriss Déby. It was formed in October 2006 under the leadership of Mahamat Nouri.
The group consists of:
* United Front f ...
* – In reserve.
*
See also
* List of Russian weaponry
The following is a list of modern Russian small arms and light weapons which were in service in 2016:
Handguns
Revolvers
Pistols
Special purpose
Submachine guns
Special purpose
Shotguns
Rifles
Bolt-action
Semi-a ...
* List of NATO reporting names for anti-tank missiles
NATO reporting name for AT series anti-tank guided missiles, with Soviet Union, Soviet designations:
* AT-1 Snapper (3M6 ''Shmel'')
* AT-2 Swatter (3M11 ''Falanga'')
* AT-3 Sagger (9M14 ''Malyutka'')
* AT-4 Spigot (9M111 ''Fagot'')
* AT-5 Spandrel ...
Notes
References
* Hull, A.W., Markov, D.R., Zaloga, S.J. (1999). ''Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices 1945 to Present''. Darlington Productions. .
''Противотанковый ракетный комплекс "Малютка" (9К14/9К11)''
* ttp://btvt.narod.ru/4/sagger.htm ''ПТРК 9К11/9К14 «Малютка»''
* Starry, Donn A., General. ''Mounted Combat in Vietnam.'' Vietnam Studies; Department of the Army. First printed 1978-CMH Pub 90–17.
* Dunstan, Simon. ''Vietnam Tracks-Armor in Battle.'' 1982 edition, Osrey Publishing; .
External links
short YouTube video showing Sagger being unpacked and prepared to fire
Russian webpage on AT-3 MALYUTKA
{{Russian and Soviet missiles, ATM
Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War
Anti-tank guided missiles of the Soviet Union
Hezbollah rocket systems
KB Mashinostroyeniya products
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s