Malaysian Trumpet Snail

The red-rimmed melania (''Melanoides tuberculata''), also known as Malayan livebearing snails or Malayan/Malaysian trumpet snails (often abbreviated to MTS) by aquarists, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, a parthenogenetic, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Thiaridae.

The common name comes from the presence of reddish spots on the otherwise greenish-brown shell.

The species name is sometimes spelled ''Melanoides tuberculatus'', but this is incorrect because ''Melanoides'' Olivier, 1804 was clearly intended to be feminine because it was combined with the feminine specific epithet ''fasciolata'' in the original description."Genus: ''Melanoides''"
''Molluscs of central Europe'', accessed 19 April 2011.

This species is native to northern Africa and southern Asia, but it has been accidentally introduced in many other tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. It has also been accidentally introduced to heated aquaria in colder parts of the world.

Subspecies

* † ''Melanoides tuberculata dadiana'' (Oppenheim, 1919)
* † ''Melanoides tuberculata monolithica'' (Bukowski, 1892)
* † ''Melanoides tuberculata tegalensis'' (Oostingh, 1935)
* ''Melanoides tuberculata tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774)

Shell description

This species has an elongate, conical shell, which is usually light brown, marked with rust-colored spots. An operculum is present. In some places, such as in Israel, the shells are colored in black or dark brown, probably to help conceal the snail on the background of the basalt rocks of the Sea of Galilee (Kinnereth).Dr. David Darom and Dr. Moshe Tsurnamal, Handbook of the Seashores of Israel (Guide to the Sea and Shores of Israel, Fauna and Flora), Keter Publishing, 1992 (Hebrew).

The average shell length is about Glöer P. (2002). ''Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas''. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., , page 74. or , but exceptional specimens may be up to long. Shells of this species have 10–15 whorls.

Distribution

This species is native to northern Africa and southern Asia.

;in Africa:
* Algeria, Burundi, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
* South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Province)
* Eswatini, Senegal, Sarr A., Kinzelbach R. & Diouf M. (2011, in press). "Diversité spécifique et écologie des mollusques continenatux de la basse vallée du Ferlo (Sénégal). pecific diversity and ecology of continental molluscs from the Lower Ferlo Valley (Senegal). ''MalaCo'' 7: 8 pp
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. Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe.

;in Asia:
* Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India (including Andaman Islands), Israel of Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam
* ThailandUkong S., Krailas D., Dangprasert T. & Channgarm P. (2007). "Studies on the morphology of cercariae obtained from freshwater snails at Erawan waterfall, Erawan national park, Thailand". '' The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health'' 38(2): 302-312
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Prehistoric localities include Gobero in Niger in 6200–5200 BCE.

Nonindigenous distribution

* CubaVázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". '' Tropical Conservation Science'' 3(2): 190-199
HTMPDF

* United States since the 1930s (see below)
* Latin America in the late 1960s
* Brazil – since 1967 (Ilha Grande in Rio de Janeiro in southeastern Brazil since 2004)
* Netherlands – before 1990
* New Zealand
* Venezuela

* DominicaPDF
.
* Trinidad
* and others

This species can also be found in artificially-heated indoor habitats, such as aquaria in greenhouses, and similar biotopes:
* Czech Republic
* Germany
* Great Britain
* Slovakia – thermal brook in the wild.
* and others

Nonindigenous distribution in the United States

This species has become established outside of its natural range in large part through the activities of aquarists. These snails were imported to the United States by the aquarium trade as early as the 1930s. Established populations exist from Florida to Texas, and the species may still be expanding its range in the West and Northeast.

Some of these exotic populations have become very large, with densities of being reported from the St. Johns River in Florida.Pererea G. & Walls J. G. (1996). ''Apple Snails in the Aquarium'', pp 102-105. . In some cases red-rimmed melanias are believed to have a negative impact on native snail populations.

The nonindigenous distribution includes the United States: Arizona; San Francisco Bay, California; Colorado; Florida; Hawai'i; Louisiana; Montana; North Carolina; Nevada; Oregon; Utah; Texas, and Fall River County in South Dakota, (unconfirmed in Virginia, and Wyoming.)

Ecology

This is primarily a burrowing species that tends to be most active at night.

Habitat

Although normally a freshwater snail, this species is very tolerant of brackish water, and has been recorded in waters with a salinity of 32.5  ppt (1,024 specific gravity salinity).

It is however a warm-climate species. It appears to prefer a temperature range of or of . Research has been conducted to determine the snail's lethal high water temperature, which is about . This information is helpful in the disinfection of fishing gear and research equipment, which otherwise may inadvertently spread the snails to uninfested waters.

This species is resistant to low oxygen levels. The pollution tolerance value is 3 (on scale 0–10; 0 is the best water quality, 10 is the worst water quality).Young S.-S., Yang H.-N., Huang D.-J., Liu S.-M., Huang Y.-H., Chiang C.-T. & Liu, J.-W. (2014). "Using Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Fish Communities as Bioindicators of the Tanshui River Basin Around the Greater Taipei Area – Multivariate Analysis of Spatial Variation Related to Levels of Water Pollution". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'' 11(7): 7116–7143. .

Feeding habits

This snail feeds primarily on algae (microalgae).

Life cycle

Red-rimmed melania females are both parthenogenic and ovoviparous. Females can be recognized by their greenish coloured gonads while males have reddish gonads. Under good conditions, females will produce fertilised eggs that are transferred to a brood pouch where they remain until they hatch (parthenogenesis and viviparity). ''Melanoides tuberculata'' has 1–64 embryos in its brood pouch. Snails will begin reproducing at a size as small as or in length and broods may contain over seventy offspring ( iteroparity). The size of the shell of the parent at peak release of juveniles is . The size of juveniles at birth is .

''Melanoides tuberculata'' grows to a similar size as ''Tarebia granifera'', are similar in size at first birth and juvenile output.Appleton C. C., Forbes A. T.& Demetriades N. T. (2009). "The occurrence, bionomics and potential impacts of the invasive freshwater snail ''Tarebia granifera'' (Lamarck, 1822) (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in South Africa". ''Zoologische Mededelingen'' 83. http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a0
Table 2

It is a r-strategist species.Silva E. C., Molozzi J. & Callisto M. (2010). "Size-mass relationships of ''Melanoides tuberculatus'' (Thiaridae: Gastropoda) in a eutrophic reservoir". ''Zoologia'' 27(5): 691-695.
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Parasites

''Melanoides tuberculata'' is known to carry certain parasites which can be dangerous to humans. Pinto & de Melo (2011) compiled a checklist of 37 species of trematode parasites from this species of snail.Pinto H. A. & de Melo A. L. (2011). "A checklist of trematodes (Platyhelminthes) transmitted by ''Melanoides tuberculata'' (Mollusca: Thiaridae)". ''Zootaxa'' 2799: 15-28
abstract
Eleven of those trematodes are also parasites of human. These snails serve as first intermediate host for parasites which include:Wingard G. L., Murray J. B., Schill W. B. & Phillips E. C. (published online May 2008). "Red-rimmed melania (''Melanoides tuberculatus'')—A snail in Biscayne National Park, Florida—Harmful invader or just a nuisance?". ''U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet'' 2008–3006, 6 p. available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3006/
* ''Clonorchis sinensis'' – Chinese liver flukeVogler R. E., Núñez V., Gregoric D. E. G., Beltramino A. A. & Peso J. G. (2012). "''Melanoides tuberculata'': The history of an invader". pp. 65-84. In: Hämäläinen E. M. & Järvinen S. (eds.) ''Snails. Biology, Ecology and Conservations''. Nova Science Publishers, .
* '' Centrocestus formosanus''
* '' Paragonimus westermani'' – Oriental lung fluke
* '' Paragonimus kellicotti''
* ''Angiostrongylus cantonensis''
* '' Loxogenoides bicolor''
* '' Transversotrema laruei''
* '' Sticiodora tridactyl''
* '' Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus''
* ''Philophthalmus gralli''
* '' Philophthalmus distomatosa''
* '' Haplorchis pumilio''
* '' Haplorchis'' sp.
* '' Metagonimus''
* '' Diorchitrema formosanum''
* unknown species in Schistosomatidae

This species is a host for a trematode parasite which has been found to infect an endangered species of fish in Texas, the fountain darter.

Agricultural pests

Red-rimmed melanias can sometimes be an agricultural pest species, as has been reported on Chinese cabbage plantations in Hong Kong.

Aquaria

Red-rimmed melanias are quite commonly found in freshwater aquaria, but opinion in the hobby is divided between those who see them as a pest species, and those who value their usefulness as algae-eaters and substrate-cleaners.Riehl R. & Baensch H. (1996). ''Aquarium Atlas'' (vol. 1) p. 899, Voyageur Press, .

Synonyms

* ''Malanoides tuberculata'' ic misspelling
* ''Melania (Melanoides) tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) · alternate representation
* ''Melania (Stenomelania) rustica'' Mousson, 1857 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania (Striatella) tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) · alternate representation
* ''Melania (Striatella) tuberculata var. flavida'' G. Nevill, 1885 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania (Striatella) tuberculata var. luteomarginata'' G. Nevill, 1885 junior subjective synonym
* † ''Melania (Striatella) woodwardi'' K. Martin, 1905 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania baldwini'' Ancey, 1899 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania beryllina'' Brot, 1860 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania cancellata'' Say, 1829 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania commersoni'' Morelet, 1860 junior subjective synonym
* † ''Melania distinguenda'' Brot, 1876 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania dominula'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania exusta'' Reeve, 1859 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania flammigera'' Dunker, 1844 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania floricoma'' Reeve, 1859 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania flyensis'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania gracilina'' A. Gould, 1859 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania inhambanica'' E. von Martens, 1860 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania javanica'' Brot, 1877 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania judaica'' J. R. Roth, 1855 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania layardi'' Dohrn, 1858 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania lentiginosa var. nymphula'' Westerlund, 1883 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania malayana'' Brot, 1877 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania mauriciae'' Lesson, 1831 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania moesta'' Hinds, 1844junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania nicobarica'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania ornata'' von dem Busch, 1842 junior homonym (invalid, not Michaud, 1828)
* ''Melania pellicens'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania punctulata'' Reeve, 1859 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania pyramis'' Benson, 1836 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania rivularis'' Philippi, 1847 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania rodericensis'' E. A. Smith, 1876 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania rothiana'' Mousson, 1861 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania rubropunctata'' Tristram, 1865 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania scalariformis'' Tenison Woods, 1879junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania singularis'' Tapparone Canefri, 1877 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania suturalis'' Philippi, 1847 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania tamsii'' Dunker, 1845 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania terebra'' Lesson, 1831 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania tigrina'' T. Hutton, 1849 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania timorensis'' Reeve, 1859 junior subjective synonym (suspected synonym)
* ''Melania trunculata'' Lamarck, 1822 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) superseded combination
* ''Melania tuberculata var. angularis'' E. von Martens, 1897 junior subjective synonym (suspected synonym)
* ''Melania tuberculata var. malayana'' Issel, 1874 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania tuberculata var. seminuda'' E. von Martens, 1897 junior subjective synonym (suspected synonym)
* Melania tuberculata var. victoriae Dautzenberg, 1908 > junior homonym (invalid: preoccupied by ''Melania victoriae'' Dohrn, 1865)
* ''Melania turriculus'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania virgula'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania virgulata'' Férussac, 1827 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania waigiensis'' Brot, 1874 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania wilkinsonii'' Tenison Woods, 1879 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melania zengana'' Morelet, 1860 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides (Melanoides) tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) · alternate representation
* ''Melanoides fasciolata'' Olivier, 1804 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides flavidus'' (G. Nevill, 1885) junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides pyramis'' (Benson, 1836) junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides pyramis var. flavida'' (G. Nevill, 1885) junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides pyramis var. leopardina'' Annandale & Prashad, 1919 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides pyramis var. luteomarginata'' (G. Nevill, 1885) · > junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides pyramis var. puteicola'' Annandale & Prashad, 1919 junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides terebra'' (Lesson, 1831) junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides tigrina'' (T. Hutton, 1850) junior subjective synonym
* ''Melanoides tuberculata var. dautzenbergi'' Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927 junior subjective synonym (replacement name for ''Melania tuberculata var. victoriae'' Dautzenberg, 1908)
* ''Melanoides tuberculatus'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) incorrect grammatical agreement of specific epithet
* ''Nerita tuberculata'' O. F. Müller, 1774 superseded combination
* ''Striatella tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) superseded combination (Striatella is a junior synonym of...)
* ''Thiara baldwini'' (Ancey, 1899) junior subjective synonym
* ''Thiara rodericensis'' (E. A. Smith, 1876) junior subjective synonym
* ''Thiara tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) superseded combination
* ''Turritella tuberculata'' Link, 1807 superseded combination
* ''Turritella turricula'' Link, 1807 junior subjective synonym

See also

* List of introduced molluscs species of Venezuela

References

This article incorporates public domain text from references"Species summary for Melanoides tuberculata"
AnimalBase, last modified 27 March 2011, accessed 19 April 2011.

Further reading

*
*
*

interactions with ''Biomphalaria glabrata'':
* Pointier J. P. (1993). "The introduction of ''Melanoides tuberculata'' (Mollusca: Thiaridae) to the island of Saint Lucia (West Indies) and its role in the decline of ''Biomphalaria glabrata'', the snail intermediate host of ''Schistosoma mansoni''". Acta Trop. 54:13-18.
* Giovanelli A., Vieira M. V. & da Silva C. L. P. A. C. (2002) "Interaction between the Intermediate Host of Schistosomiasis in Brazil ''Biomphalaria glabrata'' (Planorbidae) and a Possible Competitor ''Melanoides tuberculata'' (Thiaridae): I. Laboratory Experiments." ''Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz'' 97(3): 363–369
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*

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red-Rimmed Melania
Thiaridae
Fishkeeping
Gastropods described in 1774
Gastropods of Asia
Gastropods of Africa
Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller