A general election was held between Saturday, 8 July and Saturday, 22 July 1978 for members of the 5th

Parliament of Malaysia The Parliament of Malaysia ( ms, Parlimen Malaysia) is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, Literal translation, lit. "People's A ...

Dieter Nohlen Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expe ...

, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II'', p152 Voting took place in all 154 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 276 state constituencies (except

Kelantan Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode"). Kelantan is located in the ...

Sabah Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indone ...

and

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

) on the same day. It was

Hussein Onn Tun Hussein bin Dato' Onn ( ms, حسين بن عون, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; 12 February 1922 – 29 May 1990) was a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the 3rd Prime Minister of Malaysia from the death of his predece ...

's first and only election since he became the country's third

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...

in 1976. His

Barisan Nasional The National Front ( ms, Barisan Nasional; abbrev: BN) is a political coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of centre-right and right-wing political parties. It is also the third largest political coalition with 30 se ...

Party emerged victorious with 131 of the 154 seats in Parliament. Voter turnout was 75.3%.

Results

Dewan Rakyat

As expected, Barisan Nasional comfortably maintained its majority in the

Malaysian Parliament The Parliament of Malaysia ( ms, Parlimen Malaysia) is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, lit. "People's Assembly") and the D ...

and thus, gave the Prime Minister the power to form a government with a free hand. Despite the victory, BN actually lost four seats out of 154 seats to the opposition. The

Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS; ms, Parti Islam Se-Malaysia; ms, ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا, label=Jawi alphabet, Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset) is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. As the party focused on Islamic fundamen ...

(PAS) withdrew from BN in the midst of the

1977 Kelantan Emergency The 1977 Kelantan Emergency took place in the state of Kelantan in Malaysia. The state of emergency was declared by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Yahya Petra who was also Sultan of Kelantan at the time on 8 November 1977 upon the request of th ...

over disagreements with UMNO over the running of the state government of

, which PAS had controlled since the first post-independence general election in

1959 Events January * January 1 - Cuba: Fulgencio Batista flees Havana when the forces of Fidel Castro advance. * January 2 - Lunar probe Luna 1 was the first man-made object to attain escape velocity from Earth. It reached the vicinity of E ...

. With the support of UMNO, detractors within PAS split with the party and formed the

Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (, Jawi: باريسن جماعه اسلاميه سمليسيا often known by its ; acronym: BERJASA) is a political party in Malaysia. The party is part of a Malay-Islam based coalition named "Gerakan Tanah Air" ...

(BERJASA). In the election, PAS lost the control of the state for the first time to the UMNO-BERJASA alliance within BN.

Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Tan Sri Tengku Razaleigh bin Tengku Mohd Hamzah ( Jawi: تڠکو غزالي بن تڠکو محمد حمزة; born 13 April 1937) is a Malaysian politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gua Musang from August 1986 to November ...

has been credited for UMNO's victory in Kelantan. The opposition garnered 42.8% of total votes. In spite of that, the opposition as one won only 23 seats.

Democratic Action Party The Democratic Action Party (abbreviation: DAP; ms, Parti Tindakan Demokratik; ; ta, ஜனநாயக செயல் கட்சி) is a Centre-left politics, centre-left social democracy, social democratic political party in Malaysia. ...

won the largest slice of the pie among the opposition parties and hence, its leader

Lim Kit Siang Lim Kit Siang (; born 20 February 1941) is a Malaysian politician. He is the longest-serving leader of the opposition in Malaysia, having held the position for a total of 29 years on three separate occasions. He is also former Secretary-Genera ...

retained his position as the leader of the opposition that he had obtained four years earlier. Candidates were returned unopposed in nine constituencies. The registered electors from these constituencies therefore did not cast ballots. , - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN, , 1,987,907, , 57.23, , 131, , 85.06, , -4 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=10, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

United Malays National Organisation The United Malays National Organisation (Malay: ; Jawi: ; abbreviated UMNO () or less commonly PEKEMBAR), is a nationalist right-wing political party in Malaysia. As the oldest continuous national political party within Malaysia (since its in ...

, , UMNO , , , , , , 70 , , 45.45 , , +8 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

Malaysian Chinese Association The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA; zh, 马来西亚华人公会; ; ta, மலேசிய சீனர் சங்கம், initially known as the Malayan Chinese Association) is a uni-racial political party in Malaysia that seeks to ...

, , MCA , , , , , , 17 , , 11.04 , , -2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

Sabah People's United Front Sabah People's United Front or in Malay ''Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah'' is more commonly known by its abbreviation BERJAYA, was a political party based in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. BERJAYA was formed by former United Sabah National Orga ...

, , BERJAYA , , , , , , 9, , 5.84 , , New , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: ;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

Sarawak National Party The Sarawak National Party known by its acronym as "SNAP", is now a defunct political party in Malaysia. It was a member party of the Alliance Party from 1963 to 1966 and a member of Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from 1976 until its expulsion ...

, , SNAP, , 45,218 , , , , 9, , 5.84 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: red;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

United Traditional Bumiputera Party Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB; en, United Bumiputera Heritage Party) is a right-wing political party in Malaysia. It is currently the largest political party in Sarawak. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination ...

, , PBB, , 52,222 , , , , 8, , 5.19 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: yellow;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

Sarawak United People's Party The Sarawak United Peoples' Party, or SUPP (; ms, Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak; Iban: ''Gerempong Sa'ati Rayat Sarawak'') is a multiracial centre-right local political party of Malaysia based in Sarawak. The SUPP president is Dr. Sim Kui Hi ...

, , SUPP , , 64,099 , , , , 6, , 3.90 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #008000;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

United Sabah National Organisation The United Sabah National Organisation ( ms, Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu; abbrev: USNO) was a political party in North Borneo and later Sabah, Malaysia. The widely known Sabah's Muslim indigenous especially Suluk-Bajau ethnic based pa ...

, , USNO, , , , , , 5, , 3.25 , , -8 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #FF0000;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

Malaysian People's Movement Party The Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( en, Malaysian People's Movement Party, commonly abbreviated as GERAKAN or less commonly as PGRM) is a liberal political party in Malaysia. Formed in 1968, Gerakan gained prominence in the 1969 general electio ...

, , Gerakan, , , , , , 4, , 2.60, , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

Malaysian Indian Congress The Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC; ta, மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ், Malēciya Intiya Kāṅkiras; formerly known as Malayan Indian Congress) is a Malaysian political party. It is one of the founding membe ...

, , MIC , , , , , , 3 , , 1.95 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #DAA520;" , , style="text-align:left;" , People's Progressive Party, , PPP, , , , , , 0, , 0.00, , -1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 664,433, , 19.13, , 16, , 10.39, , +7 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS, , 537,720, , 15.48, , 5, , 3.25, , -8 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

Sarawak People's Organisation Sarawak (; ) is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, K ...

, , SAPO, , 10,150, , 0.29, , 1, , 0.65, , New , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Malaysian People's Socialist Party, , PSRM, , , , , , 0, , 0.00, , 0 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Other parties, , , , 112,850, , 3.25, , 0, , 0.00, , 0 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

Sarawak Native People's Party The Sarawak Native People's Party or ms, Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS) was a political party in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia. It was established in 1983, by Datuk Amar Leo Moggie Irok, after seceding from Sarawak National Party (SNAP) ...

, , PAJAR, , 35,009 , , , , 0, , 0.00, , New , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

Parti Umat Sarawak Parti may refer to: *Parti (surname), a Hungarian surname, and a list of people with the name * ''Parti'' (architecture), the organizing concepts behind an architect's design * *, a lake in Russia See also *Partie (disambiguation) *Party (disambi ...

, , UMAT, , 3,898 , , , , 0, , 0.00, , New , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak The Sarawak People's National Party or ms, Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak (PNRS), also known by the acronyms "NEGARA" and was initially known as "Parti PEACE" is a minor Sarawakian political party which was formed in July 1974. It was rumoured to b ...

, , NEGARA, , 861 , , , , 0, , 0.00, , New , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 160,370, , 4.62, , 1, , 0.65, , +1 , - , colspan=4 style="text-align:left;" , Valid votes, , 3,473,430, , rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , colspan=4 style="text-align:left;" ,

Invalid Invalid may refer to: * Patient, a sick person * one who is confined to home or bed because of illness, disability or injury (sometimes considered a politically incorrect term) * .invalid, a top-level Internet domain not intended for real use As t ...

blank vote A protest vote (also called a blank, null, spoiled, or " none of the above" vote) is a vote cast in an election to demonstrate dissatisfaction with the choice of candidates or the current political system. Protest voting takes a variety of forms ...

s, , 123,302 , - , colspan=4 style="text-align:left;" , Total ( turnout: 75.3%), , 3,596,732, , 100.00, , 154, , 100.00, , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" , Did not vote, , 1,462,957, , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" ,

Registered voters In electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise eligible to vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted to vote. The ru ...

, , 5,059,689 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , 6,067,230 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" , Malaysian population, , 12,303,000 , - , colspan=9 style="text-align:left;" , Source: Nohlen et al

Results by state

Johore

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 16 , , 330,233 , , , , 15 , , 93.75 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=2, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 11 , , , , , , 11 , , 68.75 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 5 , , , , , , 4 , , 25.00 , , -1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 6 , , 64,385 , , , , 1 , , 6.25 , , +1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 12 , , 32,512 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

voter turnout In political science, voter turnout is the participation rate (often defined as those who cast a ballot) of a given election. This can be the percentage of registered voters, eligible voters, or all voting-age people. According to Stanford Unive ...

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 16 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Johore's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Kedah

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 13 , , 196,986 , , , , 11 , , 84.62 , , -2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=2, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 11 , , , , , , 9 , , 69.23 , , +1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 2 , , , , , , 2 , , 15.38 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 13 , , 137,400 , , , , 2 , , 15.38 , , -1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP , , 1 , , 2,828 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND , , 5 , , 8,410 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 13 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Kedah's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Kelantan

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 12 , , 143,161 , , , , 10 , , 83.33 , , -2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 12 , , , , , , 10 , , 83.33 , , +5 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 12 , , 110,620 , , , , 2 , , 16.67 , , -5 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 12 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Kelantan's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Kuala Lumpur

, , DAP, , 4 , , 101,306 , , , , 1 , , 9.09 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 align=left, National Front , , BN , , 4 , , 46,147 , , , , , , , , , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , align=left,

, , UMNO , , , , , , , , , , , , , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia Malaysian Social Justice Party or ( ms, Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia) (PEKEMAS) was a political party formed by Tan Chee Khoon and Syed Hussein Alatas in 1972. On 19 July 1974, Parti Marhaen Malaysia merged with the party. The party wa ...

, , PEKEMAS , , 2 , , 17,998 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 2 , , 12,006 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 3 , , 5,072 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" bgcolor="dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , , , 100.00 , , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" bgcolor="dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Kuala Lumpur's population, , , - , align=left colspan=10, Source:

Malacca

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 4 , , 61,669 , , , , 3 , , 75.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=2, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 2 , , , , , , 2 , , 50.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 2 , , , , , , 1 , , 25.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 2 , , 37,056 , , , , 1 , , 25.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 1 , , 6,876 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 4 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Malacca's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Negri Sembilan

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 6 , , 81,671 , , , , 5 , , 83.33 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=3, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 3 , , , , , , 3 , , 50.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 2 , , , , , , 1 , , 16.67 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MIC , , 1 , , , , , , 1 , , 16.67 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 4 , , 41,736 , , , , 1 , , 16.67 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 4 , , 11,217 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 1 , , 7,151 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 6 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Negri Sembilan's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Pahang

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 8 , , 123,593 , , , , 8 , , 100.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=2, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 6 , , , , , , 6 , , 75.00 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 2 , , , , , , 2 , , 25.00 , , +1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 7 , , 34,156 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 3 , , 16,354 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Malaysian People's Socialist Party, , PSRM , , 1 , , 6,441 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 2 , , 4,384 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 8 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Pahang's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Penang

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 9 , , 138,173 , , , , 4 , , 44.44 , , -5 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=3, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 3 , , , , , , 2 , , 22.22 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 3 , , , , , , 1 , , 11.11 , , -2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #FF0000;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , Gerakan, , 3 , , , , , , 1 , , 11.11 , , -2 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 5 , , 79,918 , , , , 4 , , 44.44 , , +4 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 6 , , 31,667 , , , , 1 , , 11.11 , , +1 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Malaysian People's Socialist Party, , PSRM , , 1 , , 10,044 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties For ...

, , SDP , , 3 , , 13,788 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 4 , , 19,250 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 9 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Penang's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Perak

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 21 , , 293,563 , , , , 17 , , 80.95 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=6, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , , , , , , , 10 , , 47.62 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , , , , , , , 3 , , 14.29 , , +1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #FF0000;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , Gerakan, , , , , , , , 2 , , 9.52 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MIC , , , , , , , , 1 , , 4.76 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , , style="text-align:left;" , Barisan Nasional Direct Candidate , , , , , , , , , , 1 , , 4.76 , , , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #DAA520;" , , style="text-align:left;" , People's Progressive Party, , PPP, , , , , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , -1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 19 , , 201,087 , , , , 4 , , 19.05 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 14 , , 52,655 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , -1 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PEKEMAS , , 1 , , 342 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 1 , , 1,564 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 21 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Perak's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Perlis

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 2 , , 30,762 , , , , 2 , , 100.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 2 , , , , , , 2 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 2 , , 16,973 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND , , 1 , , 2,906 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 2 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Perlis's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Sabah

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 16 , , 99,160 , , , , 14 , , 87.50 , , -2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=2, , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , BERJAYA , , , , , , , , 9 , , 56.25 , , New , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #008000;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , USNO , , , , , , , , 5 , , 31.25 , , -8 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 2 , , 11,733 , , , , 1 , , 6.25 , , +1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 14 , , 58,577 , , , , 1 , , 6.25 , , +1 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Sabah's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Sarawak

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 24 , , 161,539 , , 63.03 , , 23 , , 95.83 , , +8 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=3, , style="background-color: ;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , SNAP, , 9 , , 45,218 , , 17.64 , , 9 , , 37.50 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: red;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PBB, , 8 , , 52,222 , , 20.38 , , 8 , , 33.33 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: yellow;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , SUPP, , 7 , , 64,099 , , 25.01 , , 6 , , 25.00 , , -1 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAJAR, , 12 , , 35,009 , , 13.66 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , New , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , SAPO, , 1 , , 10,150 , , 3.96 , , 1 , , 4.17 , , New , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMAT, , 3 , , 3,898 , , 1.52 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , New , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , NEGARA , , 3 , , 861 , , 0.34 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , New , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 16 , , 44,831 , , 17.49 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , 256,288 , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 24 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Sarawak's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Selangor

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 11 , , 212,424 , , , , 10 , , 90.91 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=3, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 6 , , , , , , 6 , , 54.55 , , +1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 4 , , , , , , 3 , , 27.27 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MIC , , 1 , , , , , , 1 , , 9.09 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , DAP, , 7 , , 111,049 , , , , 1 , , 9.09 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 8 , , 33,100 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PEKEMAS , , 3 , , 4,541 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Malaysian People's Socialist Party, , PSRM , , 1 , , 902 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 1 , , 3,257 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 11 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Selangor's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Trengganu

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front , , BN , , 7 , , 75,722 , , , , 7 , , 100.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 7 , , , , , , 7 , , 100.00 , , +3 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 7 , , 49,363 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , -3 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Malaysian People's Socialist Party, , PSRM , , 1 , , 4,644 , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 7 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Trengganu's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

State Assemblies

References

{{Malaysian elections

1978 Events January * January 1 – Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747 passenger jet, crashes off the coast of Bombay, killing 213. * January 5 – Bülent Ecevit, of Republican People's Party, CHP, forms the new government of Turkey (42nd go ...

1978 elections in Malaysia